POLY(p-PHENYLENE SULFIDE)—AN OVERVIEW OF AN IMPORTANT ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTIC
01 Feb 1989-Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics (Taylor & Francis Group)-Vol. 29, Iss: 1, pp 83-151
TL;DR: The first known report of its synthesis was by Grenvesse in 1898 [1] and interest in the synthesis of PPS only began in 1948 when Macallum 121 described the preparation of phenylene sulfide polymers by the melt reaction of p-dichlorobenzene with sodium carbonate and sulfur as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Among the various high temperature polymers, those based on aromatic units, such as poly(2, 6-dimethylphenylene oxide) (PPO), poly(pheny1ene sulfide) (PPS), poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), and poly(ether sulfone) (PES), have attracted much attention in the last few years due to their good thermal and chemical resistance. One of these polymers, PPS, is also an important high strength/high temperature engineering thermoplastic that is finding increasing use in technological applications such as molding resins, fibers, and matrices for thermoplastic composites. PPS consists of para-phenylene units alternating with sulfide linkages. The first known report of its synthesis was by Grenvesse in 1898 [1]. However, interest in the synthesis of PPS only began in 1948 when Macallum 121 described the preparation of phenylene sulfide polymers by the melt reaction of p-dichlorobenzene with sodium carbonate and sulfur. Further investigation on the synthesis of PPS by Lenz and coworkers [3–5], and later by Edmo...
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TL;DR: In this paper, the heat and flame resistance of high performance fibres are reviewed according to the literature data and the performance is discussed considering the physical and chemical structure of the fibres.
Abstract: The heat and flame resistance of high performance fibres are reviewed according to the literature data. The performance is discussed considering the physical and chemical structure of the fibres. Some selected high performance fibres are then evaluated using the cone calorimeter as a fire model to provide realistic data on the fire behaviour of the fibres. They are also examined in terms of heat resistance using combined TGA/DSC. The results are discussed and compared with literature data. Heterocyclic rigid-rod polymers (poly (p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole or PBO (Zylon®) and poly(2,6-diimidazo (4,5-b:4′,5′-e) pyridinylene-1,4 (2,5-dihydroxy) phenylene or PIPD (M5)) exhibit the best performance (little or contribution to fire, low smoke and good heat resistance) and offer a good combination between heat and flame resistance and mechanical properties. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
218 citations
TL;DR: Sulfur-containing polymers fall under various classes and cover an extremely broad property range as discussed by the authors, and a lot of research efforts have been directed toward exploiting the special high-performance characteristics of polymers with sulfur in the backbone.
Abstract: Currently, a lot of research efforts have been directed toward exploiting the special high-performance characteristics of polymers with sulfur in the backbone. Sulfur-containing polymers fall under various classes and cover an extremely broad property range. The impetus to their development resulted from the unique properties and success in their applications, depending upon the type of linkage introduced. This review basically sets out to explain the design, synthesis, properties, and applications of various sulfur-containing polymers especially polyamides, polyimides, poly(amide-imide)s, polybenzimidazoles, polyurethanes, polyesters, etc. Outstanding performance of these polymers came up from their structures having sulfur-based groups such as thiophene, sulfide, sulfone, thiazol, and thiourea. Thus these linkages endow special features to such functional polymers. The sulfur-containing polymers are also described here with reference to their relevance as optically active, liquid crystalline, flame reta...
118 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a methodology was developed for the evaluation of the residual stress distributions induced during processing of composite materials using the process simulated laminates (PSL) technique, which contained separation films placed between certain layers of the laminate.
Abstract: Solidification, under nonisothermal conditions and pressure gradients present during processing, is shown to be a major contributor to the generation of internal stresses in advanced composite materials These stresses may be amplified in composite materials with significant anisotropic characteristics Using the process simulated lami nate (PSL) technique, a methodology was developed for the evaluation of the residual stress distributions induced during processing The PSL contained separation films placed between certain layers of the laminate, enabling separation of the laminate after process ing Using a strain gage attached to the laminate, the residual stress distribution over the laminate was calculated The detached laminates served as specimens for the evaluation of through-thickness morphological and property distributions The direct relationship be tween the residual stresses and the investigation of stress releasing phenomena such as voids, microcracks and/or fiber buckling was important for
56 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an overall investigation of PPS polymer and PPS-based composites from synthesis and process to applications, focusing on the aspect of thermal behavior and mechanical properties.
Abstract: Poly (phenylene sulfide) (PPS) is one kind of high‐performance polymer with high thermal stability that can be used widely in different industrial domains. However, according to an investigation of the literature, few reviews have comprehensively focused on the continuous development of PPS applications in the past decade. To meet this demand, this paper provides an overall investigation of PPS polymer and PPS‐based composites from synthesis and process to applications. Briefly, this paper introduces PPS materials according to the following topics. First, the molecular weight distribution and morphology of PPS, as well as their reinforced parts, are introduced. Afterward, the topic is focused on the synthesis, process, and blending of PPS. In the next part, this paper investigates the key points regarding PPS as a high‐performance polymer, focusing on the aspect of thermal behavior and mechanical properties. Finally, PPS composite applications are emphasized and overviewed from a wide range of aspects.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a case-study overlap joint using aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 and carbon-fiber-reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide) (CF-PPS) was produced.
Abstract: The employment of various materials (such as lightweight metal alloys and composites) with distinct physicochemical properties in the automotive and aerospace industries has opened a new field of research into the joining of dissimilar materials. Several alternative methods have recently been developed for joining metal-composite multi-material structures. Friction spot joining (FSpJ) is an innovative technique within welding-based joining technologies suitable for metal-composite structures. This work aims to address and overview different aspects of FSpJ. Case-study overlap joints using aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 and carbon-fiber-re-inforced poly(phenylene sulfide) (CF-PPS) were produced. Peak temperatures of up to 474 °C were recorded during the process. Such temperatures are well below thermal decomposition of PPS, and extensive thermal degradation of PPS was not detected by thermal analysis in this work. Microstructure analysis was performed showing usual metallurgical phenomena (recovery and dynamic re-crystallization) taking place with friction-based aluminum joining. Microstructural changes caused an alteration to the local mechanical properties as confirmed by microhardness and nanohardness measurements. Moreover, microstructural analysis of the composite part revealed the formation of a small number of volumetric defects such as pores and fiber-matrix debonding. Bonding mechanisms at the interface were studied into details by microscopy analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The influence of various aluminum surface pre-treatments on the bonding mechanisms and mechanical performance of single-lap shear joints was studied. In addition, fatigue life of the joints was investigated using an exponential model to obtain S-N curves. Finally, the quasi-static strength of the friction spot joints was compared with the state-of-the-art adhesive bonding. Friction spot joints showed 50 % stronger joints than adhesively bonded joints, indicating the potential of the technique to be used for joining lightweight metals to composite materials.
53 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors survey some of the world-wide progress made in this area in the past 10 years and present three fundamental methods, which require very small samples (less than 50 grams), which can provide insight into the practical behavior of plastic materials over a wide range of temperatures and frequencies encountered in the real world.
Abstract: Considerable progress has been made in the past 20 years in the synthesis, characterization and fabrication of plastics. Previous SPE Award winners, such as Mark, Natta, and Marvel dealt largely with synthesis; Flory with characterization; Alfrey and Du Bois with fabrication. One of the still unsolved problems lies in the realm of relating mechanical properties, such as impact strenght and creep to molecular structure.
The design enginner who wishes to use a plastic part is concerned primarily with how some property such as impact strenght varies with temperature, speed of test, test method, etc. The polymer scientist must know why. Through knowing why, he may be able to design better plastics.
This paper attempts to survey some of the world-wide progress made in this area in the past 10 years. The ultimate goal is to understand these mechanical properties in terms of internal molecular motions which occur in solid polymers. Internal motion can be detected by electrical, electromagnetic and dynamic mechanical measurements. When these three methods are applied on a given polymer over a range of temperatures, insights can be gained as to the variation of impact strength and other properties with temperature and frequency for that same polymer. These three fundamental methods, which require very small samples (less than 50 grams), can provide insight into the practical behavior of plastic materials over the wide range of temperatures and frequencies encountered in the real world.
301 citations