Book ChapterDOI
Polyesters in Higher Plants
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TLDR
The major function of the polyester in plants is as a protective barrier against physical, chemical, and biological factors in the environment, including pathogens.Abstract:
Polyesters occur in higher plants as the structural component of the cuticle that covers the aerial parts of plants. This insoluble polymer, called cutin, attached to the epidermal cell walls is composed of interesterified hydroxy and hydroxy epoxy fatty acids. The most common chief monomers are 10, 16-dihydroxy C16 acid, 18-hydroxy-9, 10 epoxy C18 acid, and 9, 10, 18-trihydroxy C18 acid. These monomers are produced in the epidermal cells by ω hydroxylation, in-chain hydroxylation, epoxidation catalyzed by P450-type mixed function oxidase, and epoxide hydration. The monomer acyl groups are transferred to hydroxyl groups in the growing polymer at the extracellular location. The other type of polyester found in the plants is suberin, a polymeric material deposited in the cell walls of a layer or two of cells when a plant needs to erect a barrier as a result of physical or biological stress from the environment, or during development. Suberin is composed of aromatic domains derived from cinnamic acid, and aliphatic polyester domains derived from C16 and C18 cellular fatty acids and their elongation products. The polyesters can be hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase and cutinase, a polyesterase produced by bacteria and fungi. Catalysis by cutinase involves the active serine catalytic triad. The major function of the polyester in plants is as a protective barrier against physical, chemical, and biological factors in the environment, including pathogens. Transcriptional regulation of cutinase gene in fungal pathogens is being elucidated at a molecular level. The polyesters present in agricultural waste may be used to produce high value polymers, and genetic engineering might be used to produce large quantities of such polymers in plants.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Acyl-Lipid Metabolism
Younghua Li-Beisson,Basil S. Shorrosh,Fred Beisson,Mats X. Andersson,Vincent Arondel,Philip D. Bates,Sébastien Baud,David Bird,Debono Allan George,Timothy P. Durrett,Rochus Franke,Ian A. Graham,Kenta Katayama,Amélie A. Kelly,Tony R. Larson,Jonathan E. Markham,Martine Miquel,Isabel Molina,Ikuo Nishida,Owen Rowland,Lacey Samuels,Katherine M. Schmid,Hajime Wada,Ruth Welti,Changcheng Xu,Rémi Zallot,John B. Ohlrogge +26 more
TL;DR: This chapter focuses on the metabolic pathways that are associated with the biosynthesis and degradation of the acyl lipids that represent their major form of carbon and energy storage in Arabidopsis.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Formation and Function of Plant Cuticles
TL;DR: It has become clear that the physiological role of the cuticle extends well beyond its primary function as a transpiration barrier, playing important roles in processes ranging from development to interaction with microbes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Thermosetting (bio)materials derived from renewable resources: A critical review
Jean-Marie Raquez,Jean-Marie Raquez,Mylene Deleglise,Marie-France Lacrampe,Patricia Krawczak +4 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a broad-brush approach over the potential opportunities and drawbacks concerning the use of renewable feedstock in the design of some commonly used networks such as phenolics, epoxy, polyester and polyurethane resins is discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Building lipid barriers: biosynthesis of cutin and suberin
TL;DR: The analysis of plant lines with modified cutins and suberins has begun to reveal the inter-relationships between the composition and function of these polymers.
Journal ArticleDOI
Multifunctional surface structures of plants: An inspiration for biomimetics
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of the most frequently functional surface structures of plants and their potential for technical use, leading to biomimetic inspired smart surfaces, which can be transferred into technical "biomimetic" materials.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
O-glycosylation of eukaryotic transcription factors: Implications for mechanisms of transcriptional regulation
Stephen P. Jackson,Robert Tjian +1 more
TL;DR: It is shown that the human RNA polymerase II transcription factor Sp1 bears multiple O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) monosaccharide residues, raising the possibility that O- linkage residues play a role in the mechanism or regulation of transcriptional activation of RNA polymerases II.
Journal ArticleDOI
BREAKING AND ENTERING: Host Penetration by the Fungal Rice Blast Pathogen Magnaporthe grisea
Richard J. Howard,Barbara Valent +1 more
TL;DR: The filamentous fungus Magnaporthe grisea can cause disease on many species of the grass (Poaceae) family, and its mechanism for breaching the formidable host surface barriers has been studied cytologically and genetically as a model for plant pathology, and represents a remarkably sophisticated achievement of nature.
Book ChapterDOI
The Plant Cuticle
TL;DR: There is good evidence that the cuticle is penetrated by the attacking pathogen before the sequential steps of disease development are halted by the active defense reactions of the challenged plant.
Journal ArticleDOI
Biosynthesis and Biodegradation of Wood Components
TL;DR: The control of the cell wall formation, and microbial degradation of wood components by biotechnological methods such as gene expression is discussed for improvement for biomass conversion and pulping.
Journal ArticleDOI
The subcellular distribution of terminal N-acetylglucosamine moieties. Localization of a novel protein-saccharide linkage, O-linked GlcNAc.
Gordon D. Holt,Gerald W. Hart +1 more
TL;DR: The distribution of O-linked GlcNAc in highly enriched rat liver subcellular organelles is reported and evidence that terminal Glc NAc transferases are localized to the Golgi complex suggests that glycosylation with O-linkages to protein is not an exclusive marker for a particular organelle.