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Journal ArticleDOI

Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials

15 Jun 2000-Materials Science & Engineering R-reports (Elsevier)-Vol. 28, Iss: 1, pp 1-63
TL;DR: In this article, a review of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites is presented, where the polymer chains are sandwiched in between silicate layers and exfoliated layers are more or less uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix.
Abstract: This review aims at reporting on very recent developments in syntheses, properties and (future) applications of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. This new type of materials, based on smectite clays usually rendered hydrophobic through ionic exchange of the sodium interlayer cation with an onium cation, may be prepared via various synthetic routes comprising exfoliation adsorption, in situ intercalative polymerization and melt intercalation. The whole range of polymer matrices is covered, i.e. thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers. Two types of structure may be obtained, namely intercalated nanocomposites where the polymer chains are sandwiched in between silicate layers and exfoliated nanocomposites where the separated, individual silicate layers are more or less uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix. This new family of materials exhibits enhanced properties at very low filler level, usually inferior to 5 wt.%, such as increased Young’s modulus and storage modulus, increase in thermal stability and gas barrier properties and good flame retardancy.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the academic and industrial aspects of the preparation, characterization, materials properties, crystallization behavior, melt rheology, and processing of polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites is given in this article.

6,343 citations


Cites background or methods from "Polymer-layered silicate nanocompos..."

  • ...Recently, there have been many reports concerned with the improved thermal stability of nanocomposites prepared with various types of OMLS and polymer matrices [6,7,14,141]....

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  • ...Like PVA, various other polymers also show optical transparency after nanocomposite preparation with OMLS [141,305]....

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  • ...Dependence of tensile modulus ðEÞ on clay content measured at 120 8C [141]....

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  • ...Generally, the degradation of PCL fits a two-step mechanism [141,171]; first random chain scission through Fig....

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  • ...DMA has been used to study temperature dependence of the storage modulus of PMMA upon nanocomposite formation under different experimental conditions [141]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the structure, preparation and properties of polymer/graphene nanocomposites are discussed in general along with detailed examples drawn from the scientific literature, and the percolation threshold can be achieved at a very lower filler loading.

2,999 citations


Cites background from "Polymer-layered silicate nanocompos..."

  • ...Thus far, the majority of research has focused on polymer nanocomposites based on layered materials of a natural origin, such as a montmorillonite type of layered silicate compounds or synthetic clay (layered double hydroxide) [5–17]....

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  • ...In particular, the use of inorganic nanomaterials as fillers in the preparation of polymer/inorganic composites has attracted increasing interest owing to their unique properties and numerous potential applications in the automotive, aerospace, construction and electronic industries [4–11]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
07 Jan 2011-Polymer
TL;DR: A survey of the literature on polymer nanocomposites with graphene-based fillers including recent work using graphite nanoplatelet fillers is presented in this article, along with methods for dispersing these materials in various polymer matrices.

2,782 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on the stiffness, strength and toughness of such particulate polymer composites are reviewed.
Abstract: There have been a number of review papers on layered silicate and carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposites, in which the fillers have high aspect ratios. Particulate–polymer nanocomposites containing fillers with small aspect ratios are also an important class of polymer composites. However, they have been apparently overlooked. Thus, in this paper, detailed discussions on the effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on the stiffness, strength and toughness of such particulate–polymer composites are reviewed. To develop high performance particulate composites, it is necessary to have some basic understanding of the stiffening, strengthening and toughening mechanisms of these composites. A critical evaluation of published experimental results in comparison with theoretical models is given.

2,767 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a vectorial chemistry approach for the generation of new generations of hybrid materials, which will open a land of promising applications in many areas: optics, electronics, ionics, mechanics, energy, environment, biology, medicine for example as membranes and separation devices, functional smart coatings, fuel and solar cells, catalysts, sensors, etc.
Abstract: Organic–inorganic hybrid materials do not represent only a creative alternative to design new materials and compounds for academic research, but their improved or unusual features allow the development of innovative industrial applications. Nowadays, most of the hybrid materials that have already entered the market are synthesised and processed by using conventional soft chemistry based routes developed in the eighties. These processes are based on: a) the copolymerisation of functional organosilanes, macromonomers, and metal alkoxides, b) the encapsulation of organic components within sol–gel derived silica or metallic oxides, c) the organic functionalisation of nanofillers, nanoclays or other compounds with lamellar structures, etc. The chemical strategies (self-assembly, nanobuilding block approaches, hybrid MOF (Metal Organic Frameworks), integrative synthesis, coupled processes, bio-inspired strategies, etc.) offered nowadays by academic research allow, through an intelligent tuned coding, the development of a new vectorial chemistry, able to direct the assembling of a large variety of structurally well defined nano-objects into complex hybrid architectures hierarchically organised in terms of structure and functions. Looking to the future, there is no doubt that these new generations of hybrid materials, born from the very fruitful activities in this research field, will open a land of promising applications in many areas: optics, electronics, ionics, mechanics, energy, environment, biology, medicine for example as membranes and separation devices, functional smart coatings, fuel and solar cells, catalysts, sensors, etc.

2,321 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of nylon 6-clay hybrids, such as molecular composites of nylon and silicate layers of montmorillonite and saponite, NCH's and NCHP's, respectively, have been synthesized.
Abstract: Various nylon 6-clay hybrids, such as molecular composites of nylon 6 and silicate layers of montmorillonite and saponite, NCH's and NCHP's, respectively, have been synthesized. To estimate the mechanical properties of these hybrids, tensile, flexural, impact, and heat distortion tests were carried out. NCH was found superior in strength and modulus and comparable in impact strength to nylon 6. The heat distortion temperature (HDT) of NCH (montmorillonite: 4.7 wt. %) was 152 °C, which was 87 °C higher than that of nylon 6. In NCHP, saponite had a smaller effect on the increase of these mechanical properties. The modulus and HDT of NCH and NCHP increased with an increase in the amount of clay minerals. It was found that these properties were well described by the contribution of the constrained region calculated from the storage and loss modulus at the glass transition temperature. According to the mixing law on elastic modulus, the following expression was obtained between the modulus E at 120 °C and the fraction of the constrained region C, En = Ecn = C, where the values of n and Ec (modulus of the constrained region) were 0.685 and 1.02 GPa, respectively.

2,492 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the carboxyl and amino end groups were attributed to ammonium cations (-NH3+) of nylon molecules, because the difference agreed with the anion site concentration of the montmorillonite in NCH.
Abstract: It was found that montmorillonite cation exchanged for 12-aminolauric acid (12-montmorillonite) was swollen by ∊-caprolactam to form a new intercalated compound. Caprolactam was polymerized in the interlayer of montmorillonite, a layer silicate, yielding a nylon 6-clay hybrid (NCH). The silicate layers of montmorillonite were uniformly dispersed in nylon 6. The carboxyl end groups of 12-aminolauric acid in 12-montmorillonite initiated polymerization of ∊-caprolactam, and as 12-montmorillonite content became larger, the molecular weight of nylon was reduced. From the result of end-group analysis, carboxyl end groups were more than amino end groups. The difference between the carboxyl and the amino end groups was attributed to ammonium cations (-NH3+) of nylon molecules, because the difference agreed with the anion site concentration of the montmorillonite in NCH. It is suggested that the ammonium cations in nylon 6 interact with the anions in montmorillonite.

2,135 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an overview of the research to date on the use of clays, dispersed at the nanometer level, in polymers for improving thermal stability and flammability is presented.

1,623 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Kazuhisa Yano1, Arimitsu Usuki1, Akane Okada1, Toshio Kurauchi1, Osami Kamigaito1 
TL;DR: A polyimide hybrid with montmorillonite clay mineral has been synthesized from a dimethylacetamide (DMAC) solution of poly(amic acid) and a DMAC dispersion of montmoroniite intercalated with an ammonium salt of dodecylamine as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A polyimide hybrid with montmorillonite clay mineral has been synthesized from a dimethylacetamide (DMAC) solution of poly(amic acid) and a DMAC dispersion of montmorillonite intercalated with an ammonium salt of dodecylamine. Montmorillonite consists of stacked silicate sheets about 2000 A in length, 10 A in thickness. In this hybrid, montmorillonite is dispersed homogeneously into the polyimide matrix and oriented parallel to the film surface. Thanks to this special structure, this hybrid showed excellent gas barrier properties. Only 2 wt % addition of montmorillonite brought permeability coefficients of various gases to values less than half of those of ordinary polyimide. Furthermore, this hybrid had low thermal expansion coefficient. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

1,387 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Masaya Kawasumi1, Naoki Hasegawa1, Makoto Kato1, and Arimitsu Usuki1, Akane Okada1 
TL;DR: In this paper, the dispersibility of 10-A-thick silicate layers of the clays in the hybrid was investigated by using a transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer.
Abstract: Polypropylene (PP)−clay hybrids (PPCH) have been prepared by simple melt-mixing of three components, i.e., PP, maleic anhydride modified polypropylene oligomers (PP-MA), and clays intercalated with stearylammonium. The dispersibility of 10-A-thick silicate layers of the clays in the hybrids was investigated by using a transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer. It is found that there are two important factors to achieve the exfoliated and homogeneous dispersion of the layers in the hybrids: (1) the intercalation capability of the oligomers in the layers and (2) the miscibility of the oligomers with PP. Almost complete hybrids were obtained in the case where the PP-MA has both intercalation capability and miscibility. The hybrids exhibit higher storage moduli compared to those of PP especially in the temperature range from Tg to 90 °C. The highest relative storage modulus at 80 °C of the hybrid based on a mica and the miscible PP-MA is as high as 2.0 to that of PP and is 2.4 to that of the ...

1,379 citations