Journal ArticleDOI
Polypeptides and 100 years of chemistry of alpha-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides.
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This review summarizes the literature after 1985 and reports on new aspects of the polymerization processes, such as the formation of cyclic polypeptides or novel organometal catalysts and the role of NCAs in molecular evolution on the prebiotic Earth is discussed.Abstract:
Syntheses and polymerizations of alpha-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) were reported for the first time by Hermann Leuchs in 1906. Since that time, these cyclic and highly reactive amino acid derivatives were used for stepwise peptide syntheses but mainly for the formation of polypeptides by ring-opening polymerizations. This review summarizes the literature after 1985 and reports on new aspects of the polymerization processes, such as the formation of cyclic polypeptides or novel organometal catalysts. Polypeptides with various architectures, such as diblock, triblock, and multiblock sequences, and star-shaped or dendritic structures are also mentioned. Furthermore, lyotropic and thermotropic liquid-crystalline polypeptides will be discussed and the role of polypeptides as drugs or drug carriers are reviewed. Finally, the hypothetical role of NCAs in molecular evolution on the prebiotic Earth is discussed.read more
Citations
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Covalent Organic Frameworks: Design, Synthesis, and Functions.
Keyu Geng,Ting He,Ruoyang Liu,Sasanka Dalapati,Ke Tian Tan,Zhongping Li,Shanshan Tao,Yifan Gong,Qiuhong Jiang,Donglin Jiang +9 more
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the COF field is targeted, providing a historic overview of the chemistry, the advances in the topology design and synthetic reactions, illustrate the structural features and diversities, and scrutinize the development and potential of various functions through elucidating structure-function correlations.
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Targeted Drug Delivery with Polymers and Magnetic Nanoparticles: Covalent and Noncovalent Approaches, Release Control, and Clinical Studies.
TL;DR: This review covers the principles, advantages, and drawbacks of passive and active targeting based on various polymer and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle carriers with drug attached by both covalent and noncovalent pathways.
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Organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization.
Nahrain E. Kamber,and Wonhee Jeong,Robert M. Waymouth,Russell C. Pratt,and Bas G. G. Lohmeijer,James L. Hedrick +5 more
TL;DR: This paper presents the design of highly efficient families of “living” polymerization strategies for the synthesis of block, graft, and star polymers through controlled methods for the controlled synthesis of dendritic macromolecules.
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Hyperbranched and highly branched polymer architectures--synthetic strategies and major characterization aspects.
Brigitte Voit,Albena Lederer +1 more
TL;DR: The challenging synthesis of the dendrimers attracted especially scientists with a strong organic chemistry background and led to beautifully designed macromolecules, which allowed a deeper insight into the effect of branching and functionality.
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Organocatalysis: Opportunities and Challenges for Polymer Synthesis
TL;DR: In this article, the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic monomers is used as a representative polymerization process to illustrate some of the features of organic catalysts and initiators and compare them to metal-based approaches.
References
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ReviewPure appl. Chem: Rinehart, K. L., et al. Marine natural products as sources of antiviral, antimicrobial, and antineoplastic Agents. 53, 795 (1981). (K. L. Rinehart, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A.)
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Block copolymer micelles as vehicles for drug delivery
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on the promising features of block copolymer micelles as drug vehicles mimicking the natural carrier-systems with supramolecular structures (i.e. viruses and lipoproteins).
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Rapidly recovering hydrogel scaffolds from self-assembling diblock copolypeptide amphiphiles
Andrew P. Nowak,Victor Breedveld,Lisa Pakstis,Bulent Ozbas,David J. Pine,Darrin J. Pochan,Timothy J. Deming +6 more
TL;DR: Diblock copolypeptide amphiphiles containing charged and hydrophobic segments are synthesized and shape-specific supramolecular assembly is integral to the gelation process, and provides a new class of peptide-based hydrogels with potential for applications in biotechnology.
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Poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(l-amino acid) micelles for drug delivery
TL;DR: Micelle-forming block copolymer-drug conjugates, micellar nanocontainers and polyion complex micelles have been obtained that mimic functional aspects of biological carriers, namely, lipoproteins and viruses that may be advantageous in terms of safety, stability, and scale-up.
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Synthesis of long prebiotic oligomers on mineral surfaces
TL;DR: This work describes a system that models prebiotic polymerization by the oligomerization of activated monomers—both nucleotides and amino acids, and finds that whereas the reactions in solution produce only short oligomers, the presence of mineral surfaces induces the formation of oligomers up to 55 monomers long.