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Journal Article

Population Dynamics of Mosquitoes in Various Breeding Habitats at University of Peshawar Campus, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa Pakistan

01 Apr 2014-Journal of entomology and zoology studies (AkiNik Publications)-Vol. 2, Iss: 2, pp 189-195
TL;DR: Bamboo glasses was the richest habitat from where 4 species were recovered while no larvae were found in the tyres, and Aedes albopictus was found to be the dominant and frequently distributed specie.
Abstract: A study of mosquitoes was conducted to identify the population dynamics, relative abundance, distribution and habitat preferences of mosquitos of University of Peshawar Campus. Six habitats including discarded containers, waste water open drains, bamboo glasses, rain water pools, flower vases and tyres were used for the collection of immature stages of mosquitoes. A total of 2419 adult mosquitoes (1433 females and 985 males) comprising six species viz. Aedes albopictus (57.1%), Aedes unilineatus (2.52%), Aedes walbus (2.8%), Armigeres subalbatus (3.84%), Culex quinquefasciatus (33.7%) and Anopheles stephensi (0.04%) were recovered from all studied habitats. Ae. Albopictus was found to be the dominant and frequently distributed specie. Cx. Quinquefasciatus was the second dominant specie with moderate distribution. Ar. Subalbatus, Ae. unilineatus and Ae. W-albus were all identified as sub-dominant species with the former two as infrequent and the later one as sporadic species. An. stephensi was identified as satellite cum sporadic species during the study. Bamboo glasses were the richest habitat from where 4 species were recovered while no larvae were found in the tyres. The highest number of mosquitoes were detected during October (481) while the lowest in December (224).
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The detection of Culicinae species occurring in the Sistan and Baluchestan Province, southeast of Iran reveals its probable establishment in the southeast of the country, which has implications for public health such as dengue and Zika infections and requires active entomological surveillance and implementation of adapted vector control measures in the area.
Abstract: Beside numerous extensive studies on Anophelinae mosquitoes of Iran, little is known on Aedes species in the country and existing reports are dispersed. The objective of this study was to identify adults of Culicinae species occurring in the Sistan and Baluchestan Province, southeast of Iran, during 2012-2014. Mosquito collections were carried out three times (May-June, September, October-November) in four counties by Centers for Diseases Control (CDC) light traps and human landing catches outdoors and under bed nets baited with carbon dioxide. These trapping were carried out two consecutive nights during the field studies. Several mosquito collections were also conducted with aspirator and pyrethrum spray space catches during the day. A total of 1885 mosquitoes were collected, belonging to 10 species of genus Culex including Cx. pipiens Complex, Cx. laticinctus, Cx. sinaiticus, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, one species of the genus Culiseta, Cs. longiareolata, and five species of the genus Aedes, Ae. caspius, Ae. vexans, Ae. detritus, Ae. albopictus, and Ae. unilineatus. Ae. vexans was the dominant species in the area (77.7%). During the study, seven Ae. unilineatus were collected in two villages near the city of Chabahar located in a coastal area; this is the first record for Iran and identification was confirmed by Cytochrome oxidase (COI) sequences analysis. Confirmation of the presence of Ae. unilineatus in the country raises the number of species of the genus Aedes to 12. The detection of this species reveals its probable establishment in the southeast of the country, which has implications for public health such as dengue and Zika infections and requires active entomological surveillance and implementation of adapted vector control measures in the area.

13 citations


Cites background from "Population Dynamics of Mosquitoes i..."

  • ...It borders over about 1260 km with Pakistan and Afghanistan and 300 km with Oman Sea....

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  • ...It is possible that Ae. unilineatuswas introduced into Iran from Pakistan by population or goods movement....

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  • ...Molecular studies with COI gene revealed that the genetic structure of the species is very similar to specimen from Pakistan, registered in GenBank [1]....

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  • ...This species has been reported from Angola, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, India, Malawi, Nepal, Nigeria, Nyasaland, Senegal, Sudan, Pakistan, Saudi-Arabia, South Africa, and Zambia [12,20]....

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  • ...In 2014, Rohi Naz collected larvae from Bamboo glasses and discarded containers in Pakistan [13]....

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Journal Article
TL;DR: A survey from April to December 2016 regarding prevalence, relative abundance and preferred breeding habitats of mosquito species was conducted in three union councils of District Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Abstract: A survey from April to December 2016 regarding prevalence, relative abundance and preferred breeding habitats of mosquito species was conducted in three union councils (Pajaggi, Dag and Larama) of District Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 4086 adults mosquitoes (1806 male and 2280 female) were identified, comprising 11 species belonging to four genera; Culex, Aedes, Anopheles and Armigeres. Among all species Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. vishnui, Ae. albopictus and Ar. subalbatus were identified as dominant. The maximum mosquito population was recorded in Pajaggi union council (1549/4086) followed by Dag (1473/4086) and Larama union councils (1064/4086) respectively. In September and October highest mosquitoes density (966/4086 and 864/4086) was recorded while lowest in June (179/4086) and December (212/4086) respectively. Catch basins were the most preferred breeding site from which 4 species comprising 1299/4086 mosquitoes were collected.

8 citations


Cites background or methods from "Population Dynamics of Mosquitoes i..."

  • ...Present research was focused on collection of mosquito adults and larvae from different breeding habitats to study the prevalence, species composition, frequency, breeding habitats, relative abundance and seasonal variation of mosquitoes [19]....

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  • ...Larvae were collected using Pasteur pipette and iron dipper (14x6 cm) from tree holes, water containing plastic bottles, inside ditches, discarded automobile tyres and defrost water collection tray in refrigerator [18, 19]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work aimed to identify the determinants of such transmission hotspots and filarial infection in households using data from 33 communities.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES Lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination through mass drug administration (MDA) of DEC and albendazole have resulted in very low levels of infection in most endemic districts in India. But small pockets with residual microfilaraemia in the community and antigeneamia in children ('hotspots') are a cause of concern. We aimed to identify the determinants of such transmission hotspots and filarial infection in households using data from 33 communities. METHODS The filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus was collected from 627 randomly selected households using gravid traps. Parallel data on environmental, entomological, demographical, socio-economical and behavioural factors were analysed to identify the determinants of hotspots and household-level infection. RESULTS Hotspots and non-hotspots did not differ significantly in terms of socio-economical and behavioural aspects, but did differ in terms of demographical and environmental factors. Logistic regression revealed that tiled and concrete houses increased the risk of an area being a hotspot by 2.0 and 2.9 times respectively. Presence of Culex breeding habitats was significantly associated with elevated risk of being a hotspot. Proximity of U-drains to a house increased the risk of filarial infection 5.8 times. CONCLUSIONS An environment suitable to Culex breeding influences continued transmission despite eight rounds of MDA, particularly in hotspots. Proximity to U-drains increases the risk of infection in households. Implementing localised vector control measures may help interrupt low-level transmission, thereby reducing the risk of resurgence in the absence of MDA.

8 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The purpose of the study was to identify what types of mosquito genera exist in Unpad campus according to the time and location and to reduce the risk of vector-borne diseases.
Abstract: Sumedang regency reported being one of dengue endemic areas in West Java. The number of dengue fever patients in Sumedang District General Hospital increased in the last quarter of 2015. Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad) is one of most significant areas in Jatinangor Sumedang where many people are doing their activity day and night. The purpose of the study was to identify what types of mosquito genera exist in Unpad campus according to the time and location. A field survey was conducted at 22 locations in Unpad campus using modified electric light trap placed indoor and outdoor at each site from September to November 2016. The modified electrical trap was turned on for 24 hours, and samples collected every 12 hours. Mosquitoes trapped were put into the plastic cup, labeled according to time collected, and brought to Parasitology Laboratory of Unpad for identification. The study result identified four types of mosquito genera which were Culex spp. (405), Armigeres spp. (70), Aedes spp. (33), and Anopheles spp. (10). Prevention toward potential breeding sites and protection using window net should be considered to reduce the risk of vector-borne diseases. In conclusion, Aedes spp. is the most active mosquito during the day while Culex spp. and Armigeres spp. are the most active mosquito during the night. SURVEI NYAMUK DI KAWASAN KAMPUS UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN JATINANGOR PADA BULAN SEPTEMBER–NOVEMBER 2016 Kabupaten Sumedang dilaporkan sebagai salah satu daerah endemik demam berdarah di Jawa Barat. Jumlah pasien demam berdarah yang datang ke Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Sumedang meningkat dalam tiga bulan terakhir pada tahun 2015. Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad) merupakan salah satu wilayah yang terluas di Jatinangor Sumedang sebagai tempat banyak orang melakukan aktivitas pada siang dan malam hari. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi jenis genera nyamuk yang ada di kampus Unpad Jatinangor berdasar atas waktu dan lokasi. Survei lapangan dilakukan pada 22 lokasi di kampus Unpad Jatinangor pada bulan September–November 2016 menggunakan perangkap nyamuk cahaya yang dimodifikasi. Perangkap nyamuk ditempatkan di dalam dan luar ruangan untuk setiap lokasi. Perangkap nyamuk dipasang selama 24 jam, kemudian nyamuk dikumpulkan setiap 12 jam. Nyamuk yang terperangkap dikumpulkan dan dimasukkan ke dalam cangkir plastik, diberi label sesuai dengan waktu pengambilan, kemudian dibawa ke Laboratorium Parasitologi Unpad untuk diidentifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 4 genera nyamuk ditemukan di kampus Unpad Jatinangor, yaitu Culex spp. (405), Armigeres spp. (70), Aedes spp. (33), dan Anopheles spp. (10). Pencegahan pada tempat yang berpotensi menjadi sarang nyamuk dan perlindungan menggunakan kawat nyamuk pada jendela harus dipertimbangkan untuk menurunkan risiko penyakit tular vektor. Simpulan penelitian ini, Aedes spp. merupakan nyamuk yang paling aktif pada siang hari serta Culex spp. dan Armigeres spp. yang paling aktif pada malam hari.

5 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Further efficacy of d-allethrin 0.15% aerosol to eradicate Ae.
Abstract: Background Commercial insecticides were widely used by communities to control the mosquito population in their houses. D-allethrin is one of insecticide ingredients widely distributed in two different concentrations namely 0.15% of aerosol and 0.3% of coil formulations. We aimed to understand the mortality of indoor mosquitoes after being exposed to d-allethrin 0.15% (aerosol) and 0.3% (coil) formulations. Methods This quasi-experiment study applied the posttest-only comparison group design. The aerosol and coil d-allethrin were used to expose the wild mosquitoes in twelve dormitory bedrooms of SMKN Jawa Tengah, a vocational high school belonging to Central Java Provincial Government, on March 2017. The compounds were exposed for 60 min to each bedroom with four-week interval for both of formulations. The knockdown mosquitoes were collected into a plastic cup and delivered to the laboratory for 24h holding, morphologically species identification and mortality recording. History of insecticide use in the dormitory was recorded by an interview with one student in each bedroom. Data were statistically analyzed with independent sample t-test and Mann-Whitney. Results As many as 57 knockdown mosquitoes belonging to three species were obtained namely Culex fuscocephala, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti with mortality rate of 50.88% after 24h holding. Knockdown and mortality of mosquitoes were significantly different based on d-allethrin formulations. D-allethrin concentrations were not effective for controlling Culex mosquitoes but effective for Ae. aegypti. Conclusion Further efficacy of d-allethrin 0.15% aerosol to eradicate Ae. aegypti is necessary to be conducted in supporting the Dengue vector control.

5 citations

References
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01 Jan 1935
TL;DR: The general character of “The Fauna of British India” is so well known, and has been so frequently commented on, that it is only necessary to say that the present half-volume is similar to those which have preceded it, and that the high character of the series is fully maintained.
Abstract: WE congratulate the editor and author on the appearance of another half-volume of this important work. The present instalment is devoted to the homopterous family Jassidæ, subfani. v. Jassinae (including Acocephalinae), comprising twelve divisions, and subfam. Typhlocybinas, with two divisions. The species included are numbered from 2509 to 2696. An appendix is commenced, including additions to the Rhynchota Heteroptera discussed in vol. i.; and the portion now published relates to the families Penta-tomidae, Coreidae, arid Berytidae, and the additional species are numbered from 2697 to 2768. The general character of “The Fauna of British India” is so well known, and has been so frequently commented on, that it is only necessary to say that the present half-volume is similar to those which have preceded it, and that the high character of the series is fully maintained.The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma.Published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council. Edited by Lt.-Col. C. T. Bingham. Rhynchota. Vol. iv., part ii. Homoptera and Appendix (Part i.) By W. L. Distant. (London: Taylor and Francis, 1908.) Price 10s.

3,032 citations


"Population Dynamics of Mosquitoes i..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The killed adults were later identified using Taxonomic keys provided in “The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma” by Christophers [24] and Barraud [25]....

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  • ...Christophers SR....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Viruses such as dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) that have lost the requirement for enzootic amplification now produce extensive epidemics in tropical urban centers, and climate warming could facilitate the expansion of the distributions of many arboviruses.

1,250 citations


"Population Dynamics of Mosquitoes i..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Different mosquito species belonging to genera Culex, Aedes and Anopheles serves as vectors for many diseases [5, 6]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
21 Oct 2011-Science
TL;DR: This research provides a framework for predicting and preventing the emergence of foreign vector-borne pathogens through a decade of research on the ecology and evolution of West Nile virus.
Abstract: Many invasive species that have been spread through the globalization of trade and travel are pathogens. A paradigmatic case is the introduction of West Nile virus (WNV) into North America in 1999. A decade of research on the ecology and evolution of WNV includes three findings that provide insight into the outcome of future pathogen introductions. First, WNV transmission in North America is highest in urbanized and agricultural habitats, in part because the hosts and vectors of WNV are abundant in human-modified areas. Second, after its introduction, the virus quickly adapted to infect local mosquito vectors more efficiently than the originally introduced strain. Third, highly focused feeding patterns of the mosquito vectors of WNV result in unexpected host species being important for transmission. This research provides a framework for predicting and preventing the emergence of foreign vector-borne pathogens.

377 citations


"Population Dynamics of Mosquitoes i..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Different mosquito species belonging to genera Culex, Aedes and Anopheles serves as vectors for many diseases [5, 6]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For most of sub‐Saharan Africa, where malaria is stable, the introduction of crop irrigation has little impact on malaria transmission, and there is growing evidence that for many sites there is less malaria in irrigated communities than surrounding areas.
Abstract: The high population growth rate of the African continent has led to an increased demand for food and is in danger of outstripping agricultural production. In order to meet this need, many governments have sought ways of improving food production by initiating large-scale irrigation projects, involving reclamation of arid and semi-arid areas for the cultivation of crops. Although crop irrigation promises one solution to alleviating hunger and encourages economic growth, irrigation has often been blamed for aggravating disease in local communities. Malaria is one of the major tropical diseases associated with irrigation schemes, and changes in the transmission pattern of this disease following irrigation development have been a perennial subject of debate. It has often been assumed that high numbers of malaria vector Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) resulting from irrigation schemes lead inevitably to increased malaria in local communities. However, recent studies in Africa have revealed a more complex picture. Increased numbers of vectors following irrigation can lead to increased malaria in areas of unstable transmission, where people have little or no immunity to malaria parasites, such as the African highlands and desert fringes. But for most of sub-Saharan Africa, where malaria is stable, the introduction of crop irrigation has little impact on malaria transmission. Indeed, there is growing evidence that for many sites there is less malaria in irrigated communities than surrounding areas. The explanation for this finding is still unresolved but, in some cases at least, can be attributed to displacement of the most endophilic and anthropophilic malaria vector Anopheles funestus Giles by An. arabiensis Patton with lower vectorial capacity, as the latter thrives more than the former in ricefields. Similarly, among members of the An. gambiae complex, some cytotypes of An. gambiae sensu stricto are more vectorial than others. For example, the Mopti form has high vectorial capacity and breeds perennially in irrigated sites, whereas the savanna form is often sympatric but more seasonal. Also we suggest that many communities near irrigation schemes benefit from the greater wealth created by these schemes. Consequently irrigation communities often have greater use of bednets, better access to improved healthcare and receive fewer infective bites compared with those outside such development schemes. Thus, in most cases, irrigation schemes in Africa do not appear to increase malaria risk, except in areas of unstable transmission. However, developers should take the opportunity to improve health-care facilities for local communities when planning irrigation schemes wherever they occur.

357 citations


"Population Dynamics of Mosquitoes i..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Discussion The knowledge of habitat type where mosquitoes breed is very important so that such breeding sites are considered on priority basis for the effective control of their larvae [27]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Current knowledge on pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in mosquitoes is updated and available data on the impact of the environment on mosquito response to pyrethroids, including key environmental factors, such as the presence of urban or agricultural pollutants and biotic interactions between mosquitoes and their microbiome are discussed, and research perspectives to fill in knowledge gaps are suggested.

282 citations


"Population Dynamics of Mosquitoes i..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Distribution of disease causing vectors and consequently the spread and occurrence of the human pathogen has been affected by various environmental factors like urbanization, increased exchanges and climatic change [8]....

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