Porosity, Flow, and Filtration Characteristics of Frustum-Shaped Ceramic Water Filters
01 Jul 2013-Journal of Environmental Engineering (American Society of Civil Engineers)-Vol. 139, Iss: 7, pp 986-994
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of porosity on the flow rate and Escherichia coli (E. coli) filtration characteristics of porous ceramic water filters (CWFs) were investigated.
Abstract: This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the effects of porosity on the flow rate and Escherichia coli (E. coli) filtration characteristics of porous ceramic water filters (CWFs) prepared without a coating of silver. Clay-based CWFs were fabricated by sintering composites of redart clay and fine woodchips (sawdust) in three different proportions by volume, viz: 50∶50, 65∶35, and 75∶25. Sintering the greenware below 1,000°C produced reddish colored pot of three different degrees of porosity and micro- and nanoscale pores, which are the key to efficient filtration. The porosities and pore size distribution frequencies of the sintered clay ceramics were characterized using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The porosity of the CWFs ranged from ∼36% to ∼47% and increased with increasing sawdust content in a linear fashion, and the pore size varied from ∼10 nm to ∼100 μm. The volume flow rates of water through the CWFs were investigated by measuring the cumulative amount of water...
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TL;DR: The increasing demand to provide clean water for drinking has brought to the fore the importance of seeking other materials with the ability or combined effect with other materials to purify water as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The increasing demand to provide clean water for drinking has brought to the fore the importance of seeking other materials with the ability or combined effect with other materials to purify water....
34 citations
Cites background from "Porosity, Flow, and Filtration Char..."
...The flow studies for the frustum-shaped ceramic water filters have been critically examined by Annan, Mustapha, Odusanya, Malatesta, and Soboyejo (2014) and Yakub et al. (2012)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the results of an experimental study on the effects of temperature and mixture ratio on the adsorption characteristics of fluoride on clay-hydroxyapatite composites.
Abstract: This paper proposes a new method of removing fluoride from drinking water. It presents the results of an experimental study on the effects of the temperature and mixture ratio on the adsorption characteristics of fluoride on clay-hydroxyapatite (C-HA) composites. The writers fabricated the C-HA materials from composites of hydroxyapatite (HA), redart clay, and fine wood chips (sawdust) in well-controlled proportions. Five different ratios of clay to HA at five different temperatures (500, 600, 700, 800, and 900°C) were sintered. The results of the adsorption tests demonstrated that the defluoridation capacity of the adsorbent that contains only HA decreases with increasing sintering temperature. The adsorption capacities of the C-HA adsorbents also increase with increasing HA volume fraction. The adsorption capacity of the porous C-HA mixtures and HA are well modeled by the Freundlich equation. The changes in the free energy reveal the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. A particle and i...
21 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed the quantification of chromium in water samples by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) using ceramic as the solid support, and the results showed that the ceramic selectively adsorbs Cr(III) species at pH 7 and quantified Cr(VI) species by LIBS was also possible after reduction of this species using Fe(II) as the reducing agent.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the hydraulic permeability of clay-based composite materials with sawdust as porogent agent has been investigated and the porosity of the resulting composite matrixes has been analyzed.
19 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the CSF + GAC-Z system was effective in the removal of waterborne bacteria from spiked water.
Abstract: Halving the proportion of the people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation is among the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Lack of access to safe drinking water has been associated with the prevalence of waterborne diseases. Due to this reported association, the development of household water treatment devices has been an alternative to improve the quality supply of domestic water. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the performance of a ceramic silver-impregnated pot filter (CSF) system coupled with an adsorption process, composed of silver-impregnated granular activated carbon and zeolite (CSF + GAC-Z), to remove waterborne bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from spiked water. The performance of this system was compared with the conventional CSF system. In this respect, we evaluated six CSF and six CSF + GAC-Z using spiked water with 103 and 102 CFU/mL of E. coli and Salmonella spp. The mean percentage of removals ranged between 98% and 99.98%. The highest bacterial removal efficiency was recorded by the CSF + GAC-Z (99%) and CSF (99.98%) for E. coli and Salmonella spp., respectively, but no significant statistical differences were found between filtration systems. Our findings suggest that the CSF + GAC-Z system was effective in the removal of waterborne bacteria from spiked water.
12 citations
References
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Abstract: Keywords: Ecoulement souterrain ; Milieux poreux Reference Record created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08
12,446 citations
1,763 citations
TL;DR: Current estimates of the global burden of disease for diarrhoea are reported and compared with previous estimates made using data collected in 1954-79 and 1980-89, finding that the total morbidity component of the disease burden is greater than previously.
Abstract: Current estimates of the global burden of disease for diarrhoea are reported and compared with previous estimates made using data collected in 1954-79 and 1980-89. A structured literature review was used to identify studies that characterized morbidity rates by prospective surveillance of stable populations and studies that characterized mortality attributable to diarrhoea through active surveillance. For children under 5 years of age in developing areas and countries, there was a median of 3.2 episodes of diarrhoea per child-year. This indicated little change from previously described incidences. Estimates of mortality revealed that 4.9 children per 1000 per year in these areas and countries died as a result of diarrhoeal illness in the first 5 years of life, a decline from the previous estimates of 13.6 and 5.6 per 1000 per year. The decrease was most pronounced in children aged under 1 year. Despite improving trends in mortality rates, diarrhoea accounted for a median of 21% of all deaths of children aged under 5 years in these areas and countries, being responsible for 2.5 million deaths per year. There has not been a concurrent decrease in morbidity rates attributable to diarrhoea. As population growth is focused in the poorest areas, the total morbidity component of the disease burden is greater than previously.
1,702 citations
TL;DR: Water quality interventions (point-of-use water treatment) were found to be more effective than previously thought, and multiple interventions (consisting of combined water, sanitation, and hygiene measures) were not moreeffective than interventions with a single focus.
Abstract: Many studies have reported the results of interventions to reduce illness through improvements in drinking water, sanitation facilities, and hygiene practices in less developed countries. There has, however, been no formal systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the evidence of the relative effectiveness of these interventions. We developed a comprehensive search strategy designed to identify all peer-reviewed articles, in any language, that presented water, sanitation, or hygiene interventions. We examined only those articles with specific measurement of diarrhoea morbidity as a health outcome in non-outbreak conditions. We screened the titles and, where necessary, the abstracts of 2120 publications. 46 studies were judged to contain relevant evidence and were reviewed in detail. Data were extracted from these studies and pooled by meta-analysis to provide summary estimates of the effectiveness of each type of intervention. All of the interventions studied were found to reduce significantly the risks of diarrhoeal illness. Most of the interventions had a similar degree of impact on diarrhoeal illness, with the relative risk estimates from the overall meta-analyses ranging between 0·63 and 0·75. The results generally agree with those from previous reviews, but water quality interventions (point-of-use water treatment) were found to be more effective than previously thought, and multiple interventions (consisting of combined water, sanitation, and hygiene measures) were not more effective than interventions with a single focus. There is some evidence of publication bias in the findings from the hygiene and water treatment interventions.
1,638 citations