Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis.
TL;DR: New fabrication techniques, such as solid-free form fabrication, can potentially be used to generate scaffolds with morphological and mechanical properties more selectively designed to meet the specificity of bone-repair needs.
About: This article is published in Biomaterials.The article was published on 2005-09-01. It has received 5470 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Bone regeneration & Cell aggregation.
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TL;DR: A review of the properties, biological performance, challenges and future directions of magnesium-based biomaterials can be found in this paper, where the authors explore the properties and challenges of magnesium biomaterial.
3,757 citations
TL;DR: Challenges in scaffold fabrication for tissue engineering such as biomolecules incorporation, surface functionalization and 3D scaffold characterization are discussed, giving possible solution strategies.
3,505 citations
TL;DR: The ability of pore size and porosity of scaffolds to direct cellular responses and alter the mechanical properties of scaffold will be reviewed, followed by a look at nature's own scaffold, the extracellular matrix.
Abstract: Tissue engineering applications commonly encompass the use of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds to provide a suitable microenvironment for the incorporation of cells or growth factors to regenerate ...
2,075 citations
Cites background or methods from "Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffold..."
...A porous surface also serves to facilitate mechanical interlocking between the scaffolds and surrounding tissue to improve the mechanical stability of the implant.(11) In addition, the network structure of the pores assists in guiding and promoting new tissue formation....
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...Although higher porosity and pore sizes may facilitate nutrient and oxygen delivery or enable more cell ingrowth, the mechanical properties of the scaffolds will be compromised due to the large amount of void volume.(11) Hence, there is a limit to the amount of porosity or pore sizes that could be incorporated into a scaffold without compromising its mechanical properties to a great extent....
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...6A).(11) The mercury is forced into the pores of the scaffolds under high pressures....
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...This method is noninvasive and does not require any physical sectioning, which enables the scaffold to be reused for other analysis after scanning.(11) Moreover, it also eliminates the use of any toxic chemicals....
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TL;DR: This review comprehensively covers literature reports which have investigated specifically the effect of dissolution products of silicate bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics in relation to osteogenesis and angiogenesis and focuses on the ion release kinetics of the materials and the specific effect of the released ionic dissolution products on human cell behaviour.
2,056 citations
Cites background from "Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffold..."
...Clearly, cell response depends not only on chemical composition, but also on surface roughness [47] porosity [48], topography, grain size and crystallinity of the scaffolds [2,48]....
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TL;DR: Stereolithography is a solid freeform technique (SFF) that was introduced in the late 1980s as mentioned in this paper, and it has been widely used in biomedical applications, as well as the biodegradable resin materials developed for use with stereolithography.
1,760 citations
References
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TL;DR: Studies with well-defined silkworm silk fibers and films suggest that the core silk fibroin fibers exhibit comparable biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo with other commonly used biomaterials such as polylactic acid and collagen.
3,067 citations
TL;DR: A novel poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) structure with a unique architecture produced by an electrospinning process has been developed for tissue-engineering applications, which acts to support and guide cell growth.
Abstract: The architecture of an engineered tissue substitute plays an important role in modulating tissue growth. A novel poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) structure with a unique architecture produced by an electrospinning process has been developed for tissue-engineering applications. Electrospinning is a process whereby ultra-fine fibers are formed in a high-voltage electrostatic field. The electrospun structure, composed of PLGA fibers ranging from 500 to 800 nm in diameter, features a morphologic similarity to the extracellular matrix (ECM) of natural tissue, which is characterized by a wide range of pore diameter distribution, high porosity, and effective mechanical properties. Such a structure meets the essential design criteria of an ideal engineered scaffold. The favorable cell-matrix interaction within the cellular construct supports the active biocompatibility of the structure. The electrospun nanofibrous structure is capable of supporting cell attachment and proliferation. Cells seeded on this structure tend to maintain phenotypic shape and guided growth according to nanofiber orientation. This novel biodegradable scaffold has potential applications for tissue engineering based upon its unique architecture, which acts to support and guide cell growth.
2,338 citations
TL;DR: CaP biomaterials have outstanding properties: similarity in composition to bone mineral; bioactivity; ability to form bone apatitelike material or carbonate hydroxyapatite on their surfaces; and osteoconductivity (ability to provide the appropriate scaffold or template for bone formation).
Abstract: Bone is formed by a series of complex events involving the mineralization of extracellular matrix proteins rigidly orchestrated by cells with specific functions of maintaining the integrity of the bone. Bone, similar to other calcified tissues, is an intimate composite of the organic (collagen and noncollagenous proteins) and inorganic or mineral phases. The bone mineral idealized as calcium hydroxyapatite, Ca10 (PO4)(6)(OH)2, is a carbonatehydroxyapatite, approximated by the formula: (Ca,X)(10)(PO4,HPO4,CO3)(6)(OH,Y)2, where X are cations (magnesium, sodium, strontium ions) that can substitute for the calcium ions, and Y are anions (chloride or fluoride ions) that can substitute for the hydroxyl group. The current author presents a brief review of CaP biomaterials that now are used as grafts for bone repair, augmentation, or substitution. Commercially-available CaP biomaterials differ in origin (natural or synthetic), composition (hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and biphasic CaP), or physical forms (particulates, blocks, cements, coatings on metal implants, composites with polymers), and in physicochemical properties. CaP biomaterials have outstanding properties: similarity in composition to bone mineral; bioactivity (ability to form bone apatitelike material or carbonate hydroxyapatite on their surfaces), ability to promote cellular function and expression leading to formation of a uniquely strong bone-CaP biomaterial interface; and osteoconductivity (ability to provide the appropriate scaffold or template for bone formation). In addition, CaP biomaterials with appropriate three-dimensional geometry are able to bind and concentrate endogenous bone morphogenetic proteins in circulation, and may become osteoinductive (capable of osteogenesis), and can be effective carriers of bone cell seeds. Therefore, CaP biomaterials potentially are useful in tissue engineering for regeneration of hard tissues.
1,843 citations
"Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffold..." refers background in this paper
...These materials are also able to bind and concentrate cytokines, as is the case of natural bone [72]....
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01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: Basic principles - cell biology biochemistry bone re-modelling and mineral homeostasis the hormones of bone other systemic hormones that influence bone metabolism local regulators of bone molecular mechanisms of metabolic bone diseases pharmacological mechanisms of therapeutics methods in bone research.
Abstract: Basic principles - cell biology biochemistry bone re-modelling and mineral homeostasis the hormones of bone other systemic hormones that influence bone metabolism local regulators of bone molecular mechanisms of metabolic bone diseases pharmacological mechanisms of therapeutics methods in bone research.
1,650 citations
TL;DR: High-fired calcium aluminate samples in the form of quarter-inch diameter cylindrical pellets containing interconnecting porous networks were implanted in vivo into canine femurs for 4, 11, and 22-week periods, showing the ceramic samples to be bound lightly by natural bone and gave no detectable signs of tissue incompatibility.
Abstract: The feasibility of the use of porous ceramic materials in the permanent repair of skeletal defects was studied from the standpoint of physiological compatibility and in growth of natural bone. High-fired calcium aluminate samples in the form of quarter-inch diameter cylindrical pellets containing interconnecting porous networks were implanted in vivo into canine femurs for 4-, 11-, and 22-week periods. The implants had 65% porosity with pore size falling within one of five distinct ranges from less than 45 μ to about 200 μ in diameter.
Thin sections were prepared by grinding (poly) methyl methacrylate-mounted cross sections of the femurs containing the implanted ceramic samples and adjacent soft tissues. Tissue-prosthetic compatibility was determined using standard histological thin section procedures, electron microbeam probe examinations, autoradiographic techniques, microfadiographic techniques, microchemistry techniques, and ultra-violet fluorescent techniques. Optical microscopic evaluations of each section showed the ceramic samples to be bound lightly by natural bone and gave no detectable signs of tissue incompatibility. Minimum pore size for significant ingrowth of natural bone was indicated to be between 75 and 100 μ.
955 citations
"Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffold..." refers background or methods or result in this paper
...Smaller pores (10–44 and 44–75 mm) were penetrated only by fibrous tissue [34]....
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..., where calcium aluminate cylindrical pellets with 46% porosity were implanted in dog femorals [34]....
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...However, the lack of tissue adherence [34] and the low rate of degradation results either in a second surgery to remove the implant or in permanent implantation in the body with the related risks of toxicity due to accumulation of metal ions due to corrosion [81]....
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...These results were correlated with normal haversian systems that reach an approximate diamter of 100–200 mm [34]....
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