Positive association between outdoor air pollution and the incidence and severity of COVID-19. A review of the recent scientific evidences.
TL;DR: It is concluded that there is a significant association between chronic exposure to various outdoor air pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2 and CO, and the incidence/risk of COVID-19 cases, as well as the severity/mortality of the disease.
About: This article is published in Environmental Research.The article was published on 2022-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 89 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) & Air pollution.
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TL;DR: In this article , a biomorphic porous In 2 O 3 -600 microtubes are used for detecting sub-ppm level NO 2 gas at low temperature at 92 ℃.
Abstract: Development of In 2 O 3 -based gas sensors has recently attracted widespread attention, however, how to shorten the response and recovery time for sub-ppm level NO 2 detection remains challenging. In this work, biomorphic In 2 O 3 sensing material (In 2 O 3 -600) was successfully prepared through simple indium chloride solution immersion and air calcination at 600 ℃ with waste catkins template. This hierarchical structure is cross-linked by uniform spherical nanoparticles with good crystallinity. Its multi-stage pores and 1-D microtube structure are conducive to promoting the rapid diffusion and desorption of target gas, and the existence of oxygen vacancy defects can also effectively increase the conductivity, active sites and the content of surface adsorbed oxygen species. Their synergism significantly improves the rapid response and recovery speed of sensor to trace NO 2 under low energy consumption. At 92 ℃, the response value of In 2 O 3 -600 sensor towards 10 ppm NO 2 is up to 193 with rapid response and recovery times (56 and 14 s), even 1 ppm for 64 and 32 s, which is significantly shorter than most reported In 2 O 3 -based sensors. In addition, the sensor also has a wide linear detection range, low detection limit, good selectivity, and satisfactory reproducibility, moisture resistance and long-term stability. Therefore, the biomorphic porous In 2 O 3 -600 microtubes are available as candidate for detecting sub-ppm level NO 2 gas at low temperature. • Porous In 2 O 3 microtubes were simply and controllably synthesized using waste catkin as bio-template. • In 2 O 3 -600 sensor exhibits rapid response and recovery times (64 s/32 s) to 1 ppm NO 2 at 92 ℃. • The synergism of unique microtube and oxygen vacancies is highly responsible for excellent sensing performance. • The simple catkin-template method provides useful reference for synthesizing other advanced metal oxide nanomaterials.
32 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that long-term PM10 burdens above WHO guidelines exacerbate COVID-19 outcomes, while it must be considered for an accurate medical prognosis of CO VID-19.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a retrospective observational study was conducted with 2112 patients suffering COVID-19 infection, and two regularized linear regressions were constructed to predict the percentage of dead or severe patients.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the potential contribution of outdoor and indoor air quality in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and perpetuation of COVID-19 epidemic waves is discussed.
Abstract: There are important questions surrounding the potential contribution of outdoor and indoor air quality in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and perpetuation of COVID-19 epidemic waves. Environmental health may be a critical component of COVID-19 prevention. The public health community and health agencies should consider the evolving evidence in their recommendations and statements, and work to issue occupational guidelines. Evidence coming from the current epidemiological and experimental research is expected to add knowledge about virus diffusion, COVID-19 severity in most polluted areas, inter-personal distance requirements and need for wearing face masks in indoor or outdoor environments. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for maintaining particulate matter concentrations at low levels for multiple health-related reasons, which may also include the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Indoor environments represent even a more crucial challenge to cope with, as it is easier for the SARS-COV2 to spread, remain vital and infect other subjects in closed spaces in the presence of already infected asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic people. The potential merits of preventive measures, such as CO2 monitoring associated with natural or controlled mechanical ventilation and air purification, for schools, indoor public places (restaurants, offices, hotels, museums, theatres/cinemas etc.) and transportations need to be carefully considered. Hospital settings and nursing/retirement homes as well as emergency rooms, infectious diseases divisions and ambulances represent higher risk indoor environments and may require additional monitoring and specific decontamination strategies based on mechanical ventilation or air purification.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors used generalized linear mixed effects models with Poisson distribution and spatial autocorrelation to assess both long-term and short-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 incidence across four case surges from 03/1/2020 to 02/28/2021.
Abstract: Air pollution exposure may make people more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. However, previous studies in this area mostly focused on infection before May 2020 and long-term exposure.To assess both long-term and short-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 incidence across four case surges from 03/1/2020 to 02/28/2021.The cohort included 4.6 million members from a large integrated health care system in southern California with comprehensive electronic medical records (EMR). COVID-19 cases were identified from EMR. Incidence of COVID-19 was computed at the census tract-level among members. Prior 1-month and 1-year averaged air pollutant levels (PM2.5, NO2, and O3) at the census tract-level were estimated based on hourly and daily air quality data. Data analyses were conducted by each wave: 3/1/2020-5/31/2020, 6/1/202-9/30/2020, 10/1/2020-12/31/2020, and 1/1/2021-2/28/2021 and pooled across waves using meta-analysis. Generalized linear mixed effects models with Poisson distribution and spatial autocorrelation were used with adjustment for meteorological factors and census tract-level social and health characteristics. Results were expressed as relative risk (RR) per 1 standard deviation.The cohort included 446,440 COVID-19 cases covering 4609 census tracts. The pooled RRs (95% CI) of COVID-19 incidence associated with 1-year exposures to PM2.5, NO2, and O3 were 1.11 (1.04, 1.18) per 2.3 μg/m3,1.09 (1.02, 1.17) per 3.2 ppb, and 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) per 5.5 ppb respectively. The corresponding RRs (95% CI) associated with prior 1-month exposures were 1.11 (1.03, 1.20) per 5.2 μg/m3 for PM2.5, 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) per 6.0 ppb for NO2 and 0.96 (0.85, 1.08) per 12.0 ppb for O3.Long-term PM2.5 and NO2 exposures were associated with increased risk of COVID-19 incidence across all case surges before February 2021. Short-term PM2.5 and NO2 exposures were also associated. Our findings suggest that air pollution may play a role in increasing the risk of COVID-19 infection.
22 citations
References
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TL;DR: To determine the morbidity and mortality from childhood Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis in a well defined population, a large number of cases are diagnosed with Hib.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE To determine the morbidity and mortality from childhood Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis in a well defined population. DESIGN Retrospective survey 1985-1987 and prospective surveillance of hospital laboratories 1989-1990. Information on outcome of meningitis was obtained from hospital records and attending physicians and, in 1989-1990, from a survey of the children's parents. SETTING Sydney Statistical Division, which had a population of children aged 0-4 years of 229,165 in 1986 and 263,758 in 1990. PATIENTS Eligible children were aged from one month to four years and had clinical and microbiological evidence of Hib meningitis on standard criteria. RESULTS There were 229 eligible children. Twelve were excluded (seven died and five had pre-existing neurological deficits). A neurological deficit was detected at the time of hospital discharge in 45 patients (21%) and persisted for 12 months or longer in 29 patients (13%). Follow-up information was available for 165 (96%) children who were normal at the time of hospital discharge and persistent deficits were recorded in 12 (7%) of these children. Forty-one children (19%) had readily recognisable neurological or hearing problems: nine (4%) had persistent severe neurological deficits and seven (3%) had severe hearing loss requiring hearing aids or a cochlear implant. Age had a significant influence on outcome. The youngest children were significantly more likely to be admitted to intensive care. Severe neurological deficits showed a significant negative trend with increasing age (P = 0.03). Severe unilateral or bilateral sensorineural loss (odds ratio [OR] 8.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5-81) and ataxia at discharge (OR 13.3, 95% CI 2.8-128) were noticeably more common in children over two years of age, with a significant positive trend (P < or = 0.001) with increasing age. Patients requiring intensive care were much more likely to have an adverse outcome, particularly if positive pressure ventilation was needed. CONCLUSIONS These data provide population-based estimates of the minimum incidence of adverse outcomes from Hib meningitis in an urban community with good access to medical services. This is important in assessing the impact of Hib vaccination, as meningitis is responsible for most of the long-term morbidity from childhood invasive Hib disease. Determination of the relationship between morbidity and age is important for assessing alternative vaccine strategies.
8,476 citations
TL;DR: It is extremely important, that the national authorities acknowledge the reality that the virus spreads through air, and recommend that adequate control measures be implemented to prevent further spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, in particularly removal of the virus-laden droplets from indoor air by ventilation.
1,280 citations
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853 citations
TL;DR: The findings here suggest that to minimize the impact of future epidemics similar to COVID-19, the max number of days per year in which Italian provincial capitals can exceed the limits set for PM10 or for ozone, considering their meteorological conditions, is about 48 days.
488 citations
"Positive association between outdoo..." refers background in this paper
...Therefore, this conclusion was only tentative (Coccia, 2021)....
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...In this sense, Coccia (2021) reported that statistical evidence from data in Northern Italian cities, seemed -in general terms-to support the dynamics transmission of the SARS-CoV-2....
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TL;DR: This is the first evidence that SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be present on PM, thus suggesting a possible use as indicator of epidemic recurrence and confirming or excluding this research hyphotesys.
379 citations