Posttraumatic growth among children and adolescents: a systematic review
TL;DR: The current systematic review of the literature on PTG among children and adolescents included 25 studies that tested associations between PTG and conceptually-relevant variables found to be associated with PTG in adults and hypothesized to play similar roles in young people, including environmental characteristics, distress responses, social processes, psychological processes, positive outcomes, and demographic variables.
About: This article is published in Clinical Psychology Review.The article was published on 2011-08-01. It has received 299 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Posttraumatic growth.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the overall association between social support and well-being, the association differences among categories of wellbeing, and whether the association changed with participants' age.
Abstract: Research has started to explore the associations between social support and well-being among children and adolescents, but the overall relationship is still unclear. This study explored: (1) the overall association between social support and well-being, (2) the association differences among categories of well-being, (3) the association differences among different types of social support measures, (4) the association differences among different support sources, and (5) whether the association between social support and well-being changed with participants' age. Two hundred forty-six studies were collected and analyzed, and the results indicated a positive but small association between social support and well-being. Additionally, moderator analyses indicated that social support was more strongly associated with self-concept, perceived support was more strongly associated with well-being, support from teachers and school personnel was more strongly associated with well-being, and the association between soci...
609 citations
TL;DR: Mental health problems and resilience co-existed in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak and open communication between parents and children about the pandemic should be encouraged to help children and teenagers cope with mental health problems in public health crisis.
337 citations
Cites background from "Posttraumatic growth among children..."
...Another meta-analysis of studies conducted on children and adolescents found a significant to marginally significant negative relation between post-traumatic growth (or benefit finding) and depression, anxiety, general symptoms of stress, and emotional distress (Meyerson et al., 2011)....
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TL;DR: This perspective supports an alternative adaptation-based approach to resilience that converges on a central question: “What are the attention, learning, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making strategies that are enhanced through exposures to childhood adversity?”
Abstract: How does repeated or chronic childhood adversity shape social and cognitive abilities? According to the prevailing deficit model, children from high-stress backgrounds are at risk for impairments in learning and behavior, and the intervention goal is to prevent, reduce, or repair the damage. Missing from this deficit approach is an attempt to leverage the unique strengths and abilities that develop in response to high-stress environments. Evolutionary-developmental models emphasize the coherent, functional changes that occur in response to stress over the life course. Research in birds, rodents, and humans suggests that developmental exposures to stress can improve forms of attention, perception, learning, memory, and problem solving that are ecologically relevant in harsh-unpredictable environments (as per the specialization hypothesis). Many of these skills and abilities, moreover, are primarily manifest in currently stressful contexts where they would provide the greatest fitness-relevant advantages (as per the sensitization hypothesis). This perspective supports an alternative adaptation-based approach to resilience that converges on a central question: "What are the attention, learning, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making strategies that are enhanced through exposures to childhood adversity?" At an applied level, this approach focuses on how we can work with, rather than against, these strengths to promote success in education, employment, and civic life.
262 citations
TL;DR: The main purpose of this meta-analysis was to summarize the prevalence of moderate-to-high PTG in people who experienced traumatic events and to understand what social-demographic and trauma characteristics distinguish those who show a high rate of PTG from those of low level.
133 citations
TL;DR: Child adjustment was influenced by a chain of effects, derived from parents’ perceived distress and emotional response to the COVID-19 crisis, via parenting distress and specific parenting practices, which were more closely related to child positive outcomes.
Abstract: The present study aimed to examine the effects of the Spanish confinement derived from the COVID-19 crisis on children and their families, accounting for child’s age. A range of child negative (e.g., conduct problems) and positive outcomes (e.g., routine maintenance) were examined, along with a set of parent-related variables, including resilience, perceived distress, emotional problems, parenting distress and specific parenting practices (e.g., structured or avoidant parenting), which were modeled through path analysis to better understand child adjustment. Data were collected in April 2020, with information for the present study provided by 940 (89.6%) mothers, 102 (9.7%) fathers and 7 (0.7%) different caregivers, who informed on 1049 Spanish children (50.4% girls) aged 3 to 12 years (Mage = 7.29; SD = 2.39). The results suggested that, according to parents’ information, most children did not show important changes in behavior, although some increasing rates were observed for both negative and positive outcomes. Child adjustment was influenced by a chain of effects, derived from parents’ perceived distress and emotional response to the COVID-19 crisis, via parenting distress and specific parenting practices. While parenting distress in particular triggered child negative outcomes, specific parenting practices were more closely related to child positive outcomes. These findings may help to better inform, for potential future outbreaks, effective guidelines and prevention programs aimed at promoting the child’s well-being in the family.
133 citations
Cites background from "Posttraumatic growth among children..."
...In addition, younger children would have less cognitive, emotional and behavioral resources to process the adverse situation [52], whereas older children would have more resources to adapt to the situation and to learn about the world, as well as to ascribe a new meaning to their experiences [53]....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a detailed theory of psychological stress, building on the concepts of cognitive appraisal and coping, which have become major themes of theory and investigation in psychology.
Abstract: Here is a monumental work that continues in the tradition pioneered by co-author Richard Lazarus in his classic book Psychological Stress and the Coping Process. Dr. Lazarus and his collaborator, Dr. Susan Folkman, present here a detailed theory of psychological stress, building on the concepts of cognitive appraisal and coping which have become major themes of theory and investigation. As an integrative theoretical analysis, this volume pulls together two decades of research and thought on issues in behavioral medicine, emotion, stress management, treatment, and life span development. A selective review of the most pertinent literature is included in each chapter. The total reference listing for the book extends to 60 pages. This work is necessarily multidisciplinary, reflecting the many dimensions of stress-related problems and their situation within a complex social context. While the emphasis is on psychological aspects of stress, the book is oriented towards professionals in various disciplines, as well as advanced students and educated laypersons. The intended audience ranges from psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, nurses, and social workers to sociologists, anthropologists, medical researchers, and physiologists.
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Book•
18 Aug 2000TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-analysis procedure called “Meta-Analysis Interpretation for Meta-Analysis Selecting, Computing and Coding the Effect Size Statistic and its applications to Data Management Analysis Issues and Strategies.
Abstract: Introduction Problem Specification and Study Retrieval Selecting, Computing and Coding the Effect Size Statistic Developing a Coding Scheme and Coding Study Reports Data Management Analysis Issues and Strategies Computational Techniques for Meta-Analysis Data Interpreting and Using Meta-Analysis Results
6,930 citations
TL;DR: An examination of converging findings from variable-focused and person-focused investigations of resilience suggests that resilience is common and that it usually arises from the normative functions of human adaptational systems, with the greatest threats to human development being those that compromise these protective systems.
Abstract: The study of resilience in development has overturned many negative assumptions and deficit-focused models about children growing up under the threat of disadvantage and adversity. The most surprising conclusion emerging from studies of these children is the ordinariness of resilience. An examination of converging findings from variable-focused and person-focused investigations of these phenomena suggests that resilience is common and that it usually arises from the normative functions of human adaptational systems, with the greatest threats to human development being those that compromise these protective systems. The conclusion that resilience is made of ordinary rather than extraordinary processes offers a more positive outlook on human development and adaptation, as well as direction for policy and practice aimed at enhancing the development of children at risk for problems and psychopathology.
5,961 citations
TL;DR: The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory as mentioned in this paper is an instrument for assessing positive outcomes reported by persons who have experienced traumatic events, which includes factors of New Possibilities, Relating to Others, Personal Strength, Spiritual Change, and Appreciation of Life.
Abstract: The development of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, an instrument for assessing positive outcomes reported by persons who have experienced traumatic events, is described. This 21-item scale includes factors of New Possibilities, Relating to Others, Personal Strength, Spiritual Change, and Appreciation of Life. Women tend to report more benefits than do men, and persons who have experienced traumatic events report more positive change than do persons who have not experienced extraordinary events. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory is modestly related to optimism and extraversion. The scale appears to have utility in determining how successful individuals, coping with the aftermath of trauma, are in reconstructing or strengthening their perceptions of self, others, and the meaning of events.
3,946 citations
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: The concept of posttraumatic growth as mentioned in this paper is defined as "the experience of positive change that occurs as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life-cri ses" and it is defined in a variety of ways, including an increased appreciation for life in general, more meaningful interpersonal relationships, an increased sense ofpersonal strength, changed priorities, and a richer existential and spiritual life.
Abstract: This article describes the concept of posttraumnatic growth, its conceptual founda tions, and supporting empirical evidence. Posttraumatic growth is the experience of positive change that occurs as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life cri ses. It is nmanifested in a variety of ways, including an increased appreciation for life in general, more meaningful interpersonal relationships, an increased sense ofpersonal strength, changed priorities, and a richer existential and spiritual life. Although the term is new, the idea thatgreatgood can comefrom great suffering is ancient. We pro pose a modelfor understanding the process ofposttraumatic growth in which individ ual characteristics, support and disclosure, and niore centrally, significant cognitive processing involving cognitive structures threatened or nullified by the trauniatic events, play an important role. It is also suggested that posttraumatic growth mutually interacts with life wisdom and the development of the life narrative, and that it is an on going process, not a static outcome.
3,675 citations