Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines
TL;DR: Ultrogel AcA 34 column fractionation studies revealed that mallein activity was associated with high molecular weight proteins and represented a purer sensitin than PPD mallein for the purpose of mallein test.
About: This article is published in Veterinary Microbiology.The article was published on 1994-08-15. It has received 14 citations till now.
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TL;DR: A literature review of human glanders is presented in which it is discussed the clinical epidemiology and risk factors, potential routes of exposure, symptoms, the incubation period, and specific diagnostics, and a clinical definition of human pulmonary glanders infection is proposed.
Abstract: Glanders is a highly contagious and often fatal zoonotic disease, primarily of solipds. In the developed world, glanders has been eradicated. However, prior use of B. mallei as a biological weapon and its high mortality in inhalation animal studies has affirmed B. mallei as a biodefense concern. This threat requires the development of new glanders medical countermeasures (MCMs), as there is a lack of an effective vaccine and lengthy courses of multiple antibiotics needed to eradicate B. mallei. Here, we present a literature review of human glanders in which we discuss the clinical epidemiology and risk factors, potential routes of exposure, symptoms, the incubation period, and specific diagnostics. This review focuses on pulmonary glanders, as this is the most likely outcome of a biological weapons attack. Additionally, we outline current treatment regimens and propose a clinical definition of human pulmonary glanders infection.
117 citations
Cites methods from "Potency of partially purified malle..."
...The mallein test is used for veterinary diagnostic purposes and involves injecting purified protein derivatives intradermally to observe a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, similar to the tuberculin test for tuberculosis [34]....
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TL;DR: The Rose Bengal plate agglutination test was evaluated for the diagnosis of equine glanders, and its diagnostic efficiency was compared with that of mallein and other serological tests, including indirect hemagglutination Test (IHAT), complement fixation test (CFT), and modified counter immunoelectrophoresis test (mCIET).
Abstract: The Rose Bengal plate agglutination test (RBT) was evaluated for the diagnosis of equine glanders, and its diagnostic efficiency was compared with that of mallein and other serological tests, including indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT), complement fixation test (CFT), and modified counter immunoelectrophoresis test (mCIET). Sera from 70 naturally infected culture-positive, 96 potentially exposed cohorts, and 110 healthy equines were tested. All tests but mCIET showed 100% specificity when testing the sera from glanders-negative equines. The calculated sensitivities of RBT, IHAT, CFT, mCIET, and mallein test when testing culture-positive equines were 90.0, 97.1, 91.4, 81.4, and 75.7%, respectively. The RBT was significantly (P < 0.05) more sensitive than the mallein test and mCIET. The positive and negative predictive values of each test (RBT, IHAT, CFT, mallein test, and mCIET) were as follows: 100 and 94, 100 and 98.2, 100 and 96.7, 100 and 86.6, and 90.5 and 88.6, respectively. On comparing glandered and nonglandered animals, the highest agreement (0.987) was found between RBT and CFT followed by RBT and IHAT (0.940), RBT and mallein test (0.871), and RBT and mCIET (0.852). Because the RBT is simpler and rapid to perform, the inclusion of the test as a supplementary test for the diagnosis of glanders in field conditions is recommended.
54 citations
Cites background from "Potency of partially purified malle..."
...mallei strains demonstrated variations in immunoreactive components (exopolysacchrides)(4) and evidence of influence of virulence on the potency and sensitivity test antigen.(36,40) Therefore, it is useful to prepare the RBT antigen of wider antigenic range using 3 or more heterogeneous and virulent strains from different geographical regions....
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...Purified protein derivative (PPD) mallein, available in many countries, is a mixture of both high2 and low2molecular weight protein fractions; the low2molecular weight proteins are responsible for the nonspecific reactions.(40) In field conditions, mallein testing is not possible in some fractious equines, thus leaving the animals untested....
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...mallei used in the preparation of the mallein.(40) Purified protein derivative (PPD) mallein, available in many countries, is a mixture of both high2 and low2molecular weight protein fractions; the low2molecular weight proteins are responsible for the nonspecific reactions....
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TL;DR: The results of this study showed that glanders in the region was emerging and further sero-epidemiological studies are urgent for the eradication of the disease.
Abstract: Based on clinical-pathological, epidemiological and serological aspects, as well as by the isolation of Burkholderia mallei, foci of glanders were diagnosed in equids of the "Zona da Mata" in the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas. Clinically there was hyperthermia, noisy respiration, loss of appetite, progressive loss of weight leading to emaciation, nasal congestion and muco-purulent discharge, erosions, ulcers and scars of the nasal mucosa. The size of submaxillary and cervical lymphonodes was increased, which contained abscesses and fistules exudating purulent material. In the skin, accompanying the lymph vessels, there were firm nodules and abscesses which in chronic cases fistulated and ulcerated leaving stellar scars. The histopathology of the nodules at various sites, from the horses as well as from the guinea-pigs used for the Strauss test, showed granulomatous lesions and pyogranulomas. The results of this study showed that glanders in the region was emerging and further sero-epidemiological studies are urgent for the eradication of the disease.
40 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Mota et al. as mentioned in this paper showed that glanders in the region was emerging and further sero-epidemiologicalstudies are urgent for the eradication of the disease.
Abstract: .- Mota R.A., Brito M.F., Castro F. J.C. & Massa M. 2000. [Glanders in horses andmules of the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas, Brazil.]ernambuco and Alagoas, Brazil. Mormo em equideos nos Estadosde Pernambuco e Alagoas. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 20(4):155-159. Depto Med. Vet., Univ.Fed. Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/no, Dois Irmaos, Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil.Based on clinical-pathological, epidemiological and serological aspects, as well as by theisolation of Burkholderia mallei, foci of glanders were diagnosed in equids of the “Zona daMata” in the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas. Clinically there was hyperthermia, noisyrespiration, loss of appetite, progressive loss of weight leading to emaciation, nasal congestionand muco-purulent discharge, erosions, ulcers and scars of the nasal mucosa. The size ofsubmaxillary and cervical lymphonodes was increased, which contained abscesses and fistulesexudating purulent material. In the skin, accompanying the lymph vessels, there were firmnodules and abscesses which in chronic cases fistulated and ulcerated leaving stellar scars.The histopathology of the nodules at various sites, from the horses as well as from the guinea-pigs used for the Strauss test, showed granulomatous lesions and pyogranulomas. The resultsof this study showed that glanders in the region was emerging and further sero-epidemiologicalstudies are urgent for the eradication of the disease.
35 citations
28 citations
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Procedures are described for measuring protein in solution or after precipitation with acids or other agents, and for the determination of as little as 0.2 gamma of protein.
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