Potential Roles of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni in Abrogating Insulin Resistance and Diabetes: A Review
12 Nov 2013-Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (Hindawi Publishing Corporation)-Vol. 2013, pp 718049-718049
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of mechanisms involving free fatty acids, adipocytokines such as TNFα and PPARγ and serine kinases like JNK and IKKβ, asserted to be responsible in the development of insulin resistance, are discussed.
Abstract: Insulin resistance is a key factor in metabolic disorders like hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, which are promoted by obesity and may later lead to Type II diabetes mellitus. In recent years, researchers have identified links between insulin resistance and many noncommunicable illnesses other than diabetes. Hence, studying insulin resistance is of particular importance in unravelling the pathways employed by such diseases. In this review, mechanisms involving free fatty acids, adipocytokines such as TNFα and PPARγ and serine kinases like JNK and IKKβ, asserted to be responsible in the development of insulin resistance, will be discussed. Suggested mechanisms for actions in normal and disrupted states were also visualised in several manually constructed diagrams to capture an overall view of the insulin-signalling pathway and its related components. The underlying constituents of medicinal significance found in the Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plant (among other plants that potentiate antihyperglycemic activities) were explored in further depth. Understanding these factors and their mechanisms may be essential for comprehending the progression of insulin resistance towards the development of diabetes mellitus.
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TL;DR: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one, which seems an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …
33,785 citations
TL;DR: The present work unravels the insulin-mimetic effect and the antioxidant property exerted by steviol glycosides, suggesting their potential beneficial role in the cotreatment of diabetes and in health maintenance.
Abstract: Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a shrub having a high content of sweet diterpenoid glycosides in its leaves, mainly stevioside and rebaudioside A, which are used as noncaloric, natural sweeteners. The aim of this study was to deepen the knowledge about the insulin-mimetic effect exerted by four different mixtures of steviol glycosides, rich in stevioside and rebaudioside A, in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts. The potential antioxidant activity of these steviol glycosides was also assessed, as oxidative stress is associated with diabetes. Likewise the insulin effect, steviol glycosides caused an increase in glucose uptake into rat fibroblasts by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway, thus inducing Glut4 translocation to the plasma membrane. The presence of S961, an insulin antagonist, completely abolished these effects, allowing to hypothesize that steviol glycosides could act as ligands of the same receptor engaged by insulin. Moreover, steviol glycosides counteracted oxidative stress by increasing reduced glutathione intracellular levels and upregulating expression and activity of the two antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. The present work unravels the insulin-mimetic effect and the antioxidant property exerted by steviol glycosides, suggesting their potential beneficial role in the cotreatment of diabetes and in health maintenance.
517 citations
Cites background from "Potential Roles of Stevia rebaudian..."
...The mechanisms by which Stevia leaves and its steviol glycosides exert a marked antidiabetic effect have been intensively studied [16]....
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TL;DR: In order to identify noxious synthetic compounds in the environment out of the thousands of chemicals that are currently in use, tools and models from toxicology should be adopted (e.g., functional high throughput screening methods, zebrafish-based assays).
Abstract: The “chemical obesogen” hypothesis conjectures that synthetic, environmental contaminants are contributing to the global epidemic of obesity. In fact, intentional food additives (e.g., artificial sweeteners and colors, emulsifiers) and unintentional compounds (e.g., bisphenol A, pesticides) are largely unstudied in regard to their effects on overall metabolic homeostasis. With that said, many of these contaminants have been found to dysregulate endocrine function, insulin signaling, and/or adipocyte function. Although momentum for the chemical obesogen hypothesis is growing, supportive, evidence-based research is lacking. In order to identify noxious synthetic compounds in the environment out of the thousands of chemicals that are currently in use, tools and models from toxicology should be adopted (e.g., functional high throughput screening methods, zebrafish-based assays). Finally, mechanistic insight into obesogen-induced effects will be helpful in elucidating their role in the obesity epidemic as well as preventing and reversing their effects.
49 citations
03 Jul 2015
TL;DR: The journal policy is to publish work deemed by peer reviewers to be a coherent and sound addition to scientific knowledge and to put less emphasis on interest levels, provided that the research constitutes a useful contribution to the field.
Abstract: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences (An international peer-reviewed Bi-monthly journal) is a peer-reviewed journal of high quality devoted to provide a platform to scientists and researchers all over the world, for the dissemination of knowledge in the field of Pharmaceutical, Biological and other allied sciences. The journal policy is to publish work deemed by peer reviewers to be a coherent and sound addition to scientific knowledge and to put less emphasis on interest levels, provided that the research constitutes a useful contribution to the field. The Journal publishes original research papers, review articles, and short communications in all aspects of Pharmacy, Biology and other allied sciences.
48 citations
TL;DR: The antiobesity, antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, and antihyperlipidemic effects of the majority of glycosides and aqueous/alcoholic extracts from the leaves, flowers, and roots of the SR can serve as a natural and alternative treatment for diseases that are associated with metabolic syndrome, thus contributing to health promotion.
Abstract: Stevia rebaudiana (SR) is often used by the food industry due to its steviol glycoside content, which is a suitable calorie-free sweetener. Further, both in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that these glycosides and the extracts from SR have pharmacological and therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and anticancer. This work reviews the antiobesity, antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, and antihyperlipidemic effects of the majority of glycosides and aqueous/alcoholic extracts from the leaves, flowers, and roots of the SR. These compounds can serve as a natural and alternative treatment for diseases that are associated with metabolic syndrome, thus contributing to health promotion.
43 citations
References
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TL;DR: The structures of the L1-CR-L2 fragments of IR and IGF-1R reveal major differences in the regions that govern ligand specificity, and the IR ectodomain X-ray structure raises doubts about that obtained by STEM reconstruction.
160 citations
TL;DR: In vitro and in vivo dried leaf extract showed similar antimicrobial activity, and commercial manufacture of active constituents from these improved elite lines of S. rebaudiana would be useful and profitable.
Abstract: A procedure has been outlined for plant regeneration and antimicrobial screening of a medicinal herb, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, through in vitro culture of nodal segments with axillary buds. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L N6-benzyl amino purine and 1.13 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid in combination were found to be most effective in inducing bud break and growth, and in initiating multiple shoot proliferation at the rate of 39 microshoots per nodal explant after 30 d of culture. By repeated subculturing a high-frequency multiplication rate was established for production of elite lines of S. rebaudiana.Elongated shoots were transferred to rooting medium. MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid was found to be best for rooting. In vitro and in vivo grown leaf extracts in different solvent system were screened for potential antimicrobial activity against medically important bacterial and fungal strains by agar well diffusion method. The chloroform and methanol extract exhibited a concentration dependent antibacterial and antifungal inhibition. Both in vitro and in vivo dried leaf extract showed similar antimicrobial activity. Therefore, commercial manufacture of active constituents from these improved elite lines would be useful and profitable.
Key words: Regeneration, antimicrobial, Stevia rebaudiana, medicinal plant
152 citations
"Potential Roles of Stevia rebaudian..." refers background in this paper
...To date, out of the 150 known species of Stevia, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is the only one of its kind found to have particular attributes: firstly, it is unique in the potency of its sweetness [39]....
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...Contrast this with the effects of sucrose (normally extracted from sugar beets and sugar cane), which may cause stomach infections and dental caries [39]....
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TL;DR: Surprisingly, recent studies indicate that constitutive dimerization and negative cooperativity are also ubiquitous properties of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which show allosteric mechanisms similar to those described for the IR.
146 citations
TL;DR: The evidences clearly indicate that the ethanolic extract of defatted C. dactylon has high antidiabetic potential along with good hypolipidemic profile.
Abstract: The present study is an extension of our previous work carried out on Cynodon dactylon. This study deals with the critical evaluation of glycemic potential of ethanolic extract of defatted C. dactylon. The doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg kg−1 bw of the extract were administered orally to normal as well as Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats to study its glycemic potential. The effect of repeated oral administration of the same doses of ethanolic extract was also studied on serum lipid profile of severely diabetic (SD) rats. The dose of 500 mg kg−1 bw was identified as the most effective dose as it lowered the blood glucose levels of normal by 42.12% and of diabetic by 43.42% during fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glucose tolerance test respectively. The SD rats were also treated daily with this identified dose of 500 mg kg−1 bw for 2 weeks and a significant reduction of 56.34% was observed in FBG level. Total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels were also decreased by 32.94, 64.06 and 48.46% respectively in SD rats whereas, cardioprotective high density lipoprotein increased by 16.45%. The reduced urine sugar level and increased body weight are additional advantages. These evidences clearly indicate that the ethanolic extract of defatted C. dactylon has high antidiabetic potential along with good hypolipidemic profile.
145 citations
TL;DR: This review brings together information about five different nutrient-sensing pathways (AMP kinase, mTOR, PAS Kinase, hexosamine biosynthesis and Sir2), highlighting their similarities, differences and roles in disease.
Abstract: Cells have several sensory systems that detect energy and metabolic status and adjust flux through metabolic pathways accordingly. Many of these sensors and signaling pathways are conserved from yeast to mammals. In this review, we bring together information about five different nutrient-sensing pathways (AMP kinase, mTOR, PAS kinase, hexosamine biosynthesis and Sir2), highlighting their similarities, differences and roles in disease.
141 citations
"Potential Roles of Stevia rebaudian..." refers background in this paper
...In recent years, it has been shown that nutrient sensing can operate both autonomously and in coordination with other endocrine pathways as a response to macronutrient fuel substrates such as glucose, amino acids, and lipids [54]....
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