Book•
Powder surface area and porosity
19 Jul 1984-
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare the single-point and multi-point methods for surface area analysis with the single point and multipoint methods for measuring porosimetry and gas adsorption.
Abstract: I Theoretical.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Real surfaces.- 1.2 Factors affecting surface area.- 1.3 Surface area from size distributions.- 2 Gas adsorption.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Physical and chemical adsorption.- 2.3 Physical adsorption forces.- 3 Adsorption isotherms.- 4 Langmuir and BET theories.- 4.1 The Langmuir isotherm, type I.- 4.2 The Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) theory.- 4.3 Surface areas from the BET equation.- 4.4 The meaning of monolayer coverage.- 4.5 The BET constant and site occupancy.- 4.6 Applicability of the BET theory.- 4.7 Some criticism of the BET theory.- 5 The single point BET method.- 5.1 Derivation of the single-point method.- 5.2 Comparison of the single-point and multipoint methods.- 5.3 Further comparisons of the multi- and single-point methods.- 6 Adsorbate cross-sectional areas.- 6.1 Cross-sectional areas from the liquid molar volume.- 6.2 Nitrogen as the standard adsorbate.- 6.3 Some adsorbate cross-sectional areas.- 7 Other surface area methods.- 7.1 Harkins and Jura relative method.- 7.2 Harkins and Jura absolute method.- 7.3 Permeametry.- 8 Pore analysis by adsorption.- 8.1 The Kelvin equation.- 8.2 Adsorption hysteresis.- 8.3 Types of hysteresis.- 8.4 Total pore volume.- 8.5 Pore-size distributions.- 8.6 Modelless pore-size analysis.- 8.7 V?t curves.- 9 Microporosity.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Langmuir plots for microporous surface area.- 9.3 Extensions of Polanyi's theory for micropore volume and area.- 9.4 The t-method.- 9.5 The MP method.- 9.6 Total micropore volume and surface area.- 10 Theory of wetting and capillarity for mercury porosimetry.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Young and Laplace equation.- 10.3 Wetting or contact angles.- 10.4 Capillarity.- 10.5 Washburn equation.- 11 Interpretation of mercury porosimetry data.- 11.1 Application of the Washburn equation.- 11.2 Intrusion-extrusion curves.- 11.3 Common features of porosimetry curves.- 11.4 Solid compressibility.- 11.5 Surface area from intrusion curves.- 11.6 Pore-size distribution.- 11.7 Volume In radius distribution function.- 11.8 Pore surface area distribution.- 11.9 Pore length distribution.- 11.10 Pore population.- 11.11 Plots of porosimetry functions.- 11.12 Comparisons of porosimetry and gas adsorption.- 12 Hysteresis, entrapment, and contact angle.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Contact angle changes.- 12.3 Porosimetric work.- 12.4 Theory of porosimetry hysteresis.- 12.5 Pore potential.- 12.6 Other hysteresis theories.- 12.7 Equivalency of mercury porosimetry and gas adsorption.- II Experimental.- 13 Adsorption measurements-Preliminaries.- 13.1 Reference standards.- 13.2 Other preliminary precautions.- 13.3 Representative samples.- 13.4 Sample conditioning.- 14 Vacuum volumetric measurements.- 14.1 Nitrogen adsorption.- 14.2 Deviation from ideality.- 14.3 Sample cells.- 14.4 Evacuation and outgassing.- 14.5 Temperature control.- 14.6 Isotherms.- 14.7 Low surface areas.- 14.8 Saturated vapor pressure, P0 of nitrogen.- 15 Dynamic methods.- 15.1 Influence of helium.- 15.2 Nelson and Eggertsen continuous flow method.- 15.3 Carrier gas and detector sensitivity.- 15.4 Design parameters for continuous flow apparatus.- 15.5 Signals and signal calibration.- 15.6 Adsorption and desorption isotherms by continuous flow.- 15.7 Low surface area measurements.- 15.8 Data reduction-continuous flow.- 15.9 Single-point method.- 16 Other flow methods.- 16.1 Pressure jump method.- 16.2 Continuous isotherms.- 16.3 Frontal analysis.- 17 Gravimetric method.- 17.1 Electronic microbalances.- 17.2 Buoyancy corrections.- 17.3 Thermal transpiration.- 17.4 Other gravimetric methods.- 18 Comparison of experimental adsorption methods.- 19 Chemisorption.- 19.1 Introduction.- 19.2 Chemisorption equilibrium and kinetics.- 19.3 Chemisorption isotherms.- 19.4 Surface titrations.- 20 Mercury porosimetry.- 20.1 Introduction.- 20.2 Pressure generators.- 20.3 Dilatometer.- 20.4 Continuous-scan porosimetry.- 20.5 Logarithmic signals from continuous-scan porosimetry.- 20.6 Low pressure intrusion-extrusion scans.- 20.7 Scanning porosimetry data reduction.- 20.8 Contact angle for mercury porosimetry.- 21 Density measurement.- 21.1 True density.- 21.2 Apparent density.- 21.3 Bulk density.- 21.4 Tap density.- 21.5 Effective density.- 21.6 Density by mercury porosimetry.- References.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: Supercapacitors are able to store and deliver energy at relatively high rates (beyond those accessible with batteries) because the mechanism of energy storage is simple charge-separation (as in conventional capacitors) as discussed by the authors.
3,620 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the pore size distributions derived from adsorption isotherms of micro- and mesoporous materials are identified and discussed based on new results and examples reported in the recent literature.
1,775 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Li insertion into a 2D layered Ti-C-based material (MXene) with an oxidized surface, formed by etching Al from Ti₂AlC in HF at room temperature, was reported.
1,165 citations
Cites background from "Powder surface area and porosity"
...1b) has a hysteresis loop with indications of the presence of mesopores and a shape typical for slit pores [14]....
[...]
TL;DR: The relationship between organic carbon (OC) and grain size found in most continental shelf sediments is reinterpreted in terms of the surface area of the sediments in this article.
1,028 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the current knowledge on mineral-organic associations can be found in this article, where the authors identify key questions and future research needs, as well as a survey of the existing research work.
Abstract: Minerals and organic matter (OM) may form intricate associations via myriad interactions. In soils, the associations of OM with mineral surfaces are mainly investigated because of their role in determining the long-term retention of OM. OM “must decay in order to release the energy and nutrients that drive live processes all over the planet” ( Janzen, 2006 ). Thus, the processes and mechanisms that retain OM in soil are a central concern to very different branches of environmental research. An agronomist may want to synchronize periods of high nutrient and energy release with the growth stages of a crop. An environmental chemist may wish to either immobilize an organic soil contaminant or enhance its decomposition into less harmful metabolites, while climate scientists need to understand the processes that mediate the production of potent greenhouse gases from decomposing OM. Associations of OM with pedogenic minerals (henceforth termed mineral–organic associations (MOAs)) are known to be key controls in these and many other processes. Here we strive to present an overview of the current knowledge on MOAs and identify key questions and future research needs.
818 citations
References
More filters
Book•
01 Jan 1967
10,303 citations
"Powder surface area and porosity" refers background in this paper
...Gregg and Sing [36] have tabulated values of hi for various solids and liquids....
[...]
Book•
01 Jan 1956
1,576 citations
"Powder surface area and porosity" refers methods in this paper
...Several modifications of Poiseuille's equation have been attempted by various authors [41-43] to describe permeability in the transitional region between viscous and diffusional flow....
[...]
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: The behavior of colloid systems is governed primarily by their large interfacial area as mentioned in this paper, which is defined as the boundary region between the adjoining bulk phases that comprise the colloid system.
Abstract: The behavior of colloid systems is governed primarily by their large interfacial area. The interface is defined as the boundary region between the adjoining bulk phases that comprise the colloid system. When one of the phases is a gas or a vapor, the term surface is commonly used for the boundary region. The foundation for thermodynamic treatment of surfaces was established in the last century by Gibbs, who published a considerable contribution to the field in 1878. His work still forms the basis of modern thermodynamics (Gibbs, 1928).
769 citations
TL;DR: The theory of rate processes was introduced by Glasstone, Laidler and Eyring as discussed by the authors, who used the mass action law of Guldberg and Waage and the exponential equation of Arrhenius.
Abstract: PHYSICAL chemistry started with van t' Hoff's discovery (1884) of the reaction isochore, which, fundamentally, stood on the same ground as the gas theory of Maxwell and Boltzmann. In the field of reaction rates the ideas of this period produced the mass action law of Guldberg and Waage and the exponential equation of Arrhenius. The Theory of Rate Processes The Kinetics of Chemical Reactions, Viscosity, Diffusion and Electrochemical Phenomena. By Samuel Glasstone, Keith J. Laidler and Henry Eyring. (International Chemical Series.) Pp. ix + 611. (New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1941.) 42s.
467 citations