scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal ArticleDOI

Powder XRD Technique and its Applications in Science and Technology

20 Oct 2014-Journal of analytical and bioanalytical techniques (OMICS International)-Vol. 5, Iss: 5, pp 1-5
TL;DR: X-ray powder diffusion technique has many salient features and advantages that promote its wide range use as discussed by the authors, and has numerous applications that cater to industrial and academic research that ultimately enriches the growth and development of Science and Technology.
Abstract: The review presents a brief overview of advanced X-Ray Powder Diffraction Technique. It is an indispensable method of material investigation, characterization and quality control. It has many salient features and advantages that promote its wide range use. It has numerous applications that cater to industrial and academic research that ultimately enriches the growth and development of Science and Technology.
Citations
More filters
01 Jan 2016

1,664 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review attempts to address the critical molecular and thermodynamic aspects governing the physicochemical properties of amorphous solid dispersion systems and potential advantage of polymers as inert, hydrophilic, pharmaceutical carrier matrices.

680 citations

Posted Content
01 Jul 2017-viXra
TL;DR: The Trivedi Effect®-Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment on magnesium gluconate was described in this article, where the trivedi effect was applied on the sample of the Biofield Energy Treated sample.
Abstract: Magnesium gluconate is a pharmaceutical/nutraceutical compound used as a source of magnesium ion. The recent study described the impact of The Trivedi Effect®-Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment on magnesium gluconate for the variation in physicochemical, structural, thermal and behavioral properties using PXRD, PSD, FT-IR, UV-vis spectroscopy, TGA, and DSC analysis. Magnesium gluconate was divided into two parts – one part was control without any Biofield Energy Treatment, while another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect®-Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment remotely by twenty renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect® Treated sample. The PXRD analysis exhibited that the crystallite size of the treated sample was remarkably altered from -70% to 130% compared with the control sample. The average crystallite size was significantly decreased by 23.74% in the treated sample compared to the control sample. Biofield Energy Healing Treatment significantly reduced the particle size of magnesium gluconate at d10, d50, and d90 values by 12.15%, 8.98% and 15.35%, respectively compared to the control sample. The surface area analysis showed that surface area of the treated sample was significantly increased by 11.76% compared with the control sample. The FT-IR and UV-vis analysis displayed that structure of the magnesium gluconate persisted identical in both the treated and control samples. The TGA analysis exhibited four steps thermal degradation in both samples and the total weight loss of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was reduced by 0.19% compared with the control sample. The melting temperature of the Biofield Energy Treated sample (171.25oC) was slightly (0.16%) higher from the control sample (170.97oC). The latent heat of fusion was significantly decreased by 7.76% in the treated sample compared to the control sample. The TGA and DSC analysis revealed that the thermal stability of the treated sample was enhanced compared with the control sample. The current study revealed that The Trivedi Effect®-Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment might produce a new polymorphic form of magnesium gluconate, which could be more soluble and bioavailable along with improved thermal stability compared with the untreated compound. The Biofield Treated sample could be more stable during manufacturing, delivery or storage conditions than the untreated sample. Hence, The Trivedi Effect® Treated magnesium gluconate would be very useful to design better nutraceutical/pharmaceutical formulations that might offer better therapeutic responses against inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, stress, aging, and other chronic infections.

135 citations


Cites background from "Powder XRD Technique and its Applic..."

  • ...Scientific literature mentions that powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), particle size distribution analysis (PSD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis play an vital role for solving various problems encountered in industries for the pharmaceutical/nutraceutical formulation and developments [41]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In-depth characterization of zinc chloride using the modern analytical technique would be very much useful in all stages of nutraceuticals/pharmaceuticals formulation research and development and other industrial applications.
Abstract: Objective: Zinc chloride is an important inorganic compound used as a source of zinc and has other numerous industrial applications. Unfortunately, it lacks reliable and accurate physicochemical, thermal and spectral characterization information altogether. Hence, the authors tried to explore in-depth characterization of zinc chloride using the modern analytical technique. Materials and Methods: The analysis of zinc chloride was performed using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), particle size distribution, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analytical techniques. Results: The PXRD patterns showed well-defined, narrow, sharp and the significant peaks. The crystallite size was found in the range of 14.70–55.40 nm and showed average crystallite size of 41.34 nm. The average particle size was found to be of 1.123 (d10), 3.025 (d50) and 6.712 (d90) μm and average surface area of 2.71 m2/g. The span and relative span values were 5.849 μm and 1.93, respectively. The DSC thermogram showed a small endothermic inflation at 308.10°C with the latent heat (ΔH) of fusion 28.52 J/g. An exothermic reaction was observed at 449.32°C with the ΔH of decomposition 66.10 J/g. The TGA revealed two steps of the thermal degradation and lost 8.207 and 89.72% of weight in the first and second step of degradation, respectively. Similarly, the DTG analysis disclosed Tmax at 508.21°C. The UV-vis spectrum showed absorbance maxima at 197.60 nm (λmax) and FT-IR spectrum showed a peak at 511/cm might be due to the Zn–Cl stretching. Conclusions: These in-depth, comprehensive data would be very much useful in all stages of nutraceuticals/pharmaceuticals formulation research and development and other industrial applications.

94 citations


Cites background from "Powder XRD Technique and its Applic..."

  • ...PXRD also obtains peak position (determined the d-spacing and lattice parameter of crystal structure), peak width, and peak intensity (determined by the contents of the unit cell) for the bulk material of a crystalline solid.[19]...

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that the collective action of different non-covalent interactions play a role in making FmocF hydrogel, and a new polymorphic form of FmOCF after transitioning to hydrogels is reported.
Abstract: Hydrogels of low molecular weight molecules are important in biomedical applications. Multiple factors are responsible for hydrogel formation, but their role in governing self-assembly to hydrogel formation is poorly understood. Herein, we report the hydrogel formation of fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl phenylalanine (FmocF) molecule. We used physical and thermal stimuli for solubilizing FmocF above the critical concentration to induce gel formation. The key role of Fmoc, Fmoc and phenylalanine covalent linkage, flexibility of phe side chain, pH, and buffer ions in self-assembly of FmocF to gel formation is described. We found that the collective action of different non-covalent interactions play a role in making FmocF hydrogel. Using powder diffraction and infrared spectroscopy, we also report a new polymorphic form of FmocF after transitioning to hydrogel. In addition, we are proposing a model for drug release from FmocF hydrogel.

80 citations

References
More filters
Book
01 Jan 1956
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a chemical analysis of X-ray diffraction by Xray Spectrometry and phase-diagram Determination of single crystal structures and phase diagrams.
Abstract: 1. Properties of X-rays. 2. Geometry of Crystals. 3. Diffraction I: Directions of Diffracted Beams. 4. Diffraction II: Intensities of Diffracted Beams. 5. Diffraction III: Non-Ideal Samples. 6. Laure Photographs. 7. Powder Photographs. 8. Diffractometer and Spectrometer. 9. Orientation and Quality of Single Crystals. 10. Structure of Polycrystalline Aggregates. 11. Determination of Crystal Structure. 12. Precise Parameter Measurements. 13. Phase-Diagram Determination. 14. Order-Disorder Transformation. 15. Chemical Analysis of X-ray Diffraction. 16. Chemical Analysis by X-ray Spectrometry. 17. Measurements of Residual Stress. 18. Polymers. 19. Small Angle Scatters. 20. Transmission Electron Microscope.

17,428 citations

Book
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the main components of optical atomic spectrometers and their application in the field of surface characterization by Spectroscopy and Microscopy.
Abstract: Introduction. Section I: Measurement Basics. Electrical Components and Circuits. Operational Amplifiers in Chemical Instrumentation. Digital Electronics and Microcomputers. Signals and Noise. Section II: Atomic Spectroscopy. An Introduction to Spectrometric Methods. Components of Optical Instruments. An Introduction to Optical Atomic Spectrometry. Atomic Absorption and Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry. Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Atomic Mass Spectrometry. Atomic X-Ray Spectrometry. Section III: Molecular Spectroscopy. An Introduction to Ultraviolet/Visible Molecular Absorption Spectrometry. Applications of Ultraviolet/Visible Molecular Absorption Spectrometry. Molecular Luminescence Spectrometry. An Introduction to Infrared Spectrometry Applications of Infrared Spectrometry. Raman Spectroscopy. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Molecular Mass Spectrometry. Surface Characterisation by Spectroscopy and Microscopy. Section IV: Electroanalytical Chemistry. Introduction to Electroanalytical Chemistry. Potentiometry. Coulometry. Voltammetry. Section V: Separation Methods. An Introduction to Chromatographic Separations. Gas Chromatography. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction. Capillary Electrophoresis and Capillary Electrochromatography. Section VI: Miscellaneous Methods. Thermal Methods. Radiochemical Methods. Automated Methods of Analysis. Appendices.

3,325 citations

01 Jan 2016

1,664 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the experimental measurements which are used to establish the wavelength of this line on an absolute angstrom basis is given, and the recommended wavelength values are listed in \AA{}* units together with probable errors; corresponding energies are given in keV.
Abstract: Inconsistencies in accepted values (in x units) of x-ray reference lines have recently been demonstrated, although all are supposedly based on "good" calcite crystals. Factors supporting the selection of the W $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ line as the X-Ray Wavelength Standard are critically discussed. A review is given of the experimental measurements which are used to establish the wavelength of this line on an absolute angstrom basis. Its value is $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ W $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}=(0.2090100\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 \mathrm{ppm})$ \AA{}. This may be used to define a new unit, denoted by \AA{}*, such that the W $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ wavelength is exactly 0.2090100 \AA{}*; hence 1\AA{}*=1\AA{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 ppm. The wavelengths of the Ag $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, Mo $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, Cu $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, and the Cr $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$ have been established as secondary standards with probable error of approximately one part per million. Sixty-one additional x-ray lines have been used as reference values in a comprehensive review and reevaluation of more than 2700 emission and absorption wavelengths. The recommended wavelength values are listed in \AA{}* units together with probable errors; corresponding energies are given in keV. A second table lists the wavelengths in numerical order, and likewise includes their energies in keV.

1,467 citations


"Powder XRD Technique and its Applic..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Once a pattern gets indexed, it serves as reference for new entities [10-17]....

    [...]

  • ...For example, the diffraction peaks for the lattice planes (100) and (001) can be found at two different values of q for a tetragonal phase, but if the symmetry becomes cubic the two peaks may coincide [16,17]....

    [...]

  • ...It includes identification of crystalline particles that creates faults in bulk quantity of glass, measurements of crystalline coatings for texture, crystallite size and crystallinity [10,12,13,17]....

    [...]

Book
01 Jan 1954
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a course to make the student understand the advanced instrumentation available for chemical analysis, and the student would be able to choose the instrument needed for analysis.
Abstract: Course Educational Objectives: To make the student understand the advanced instrumentation available for chemical analysis. Course Outcomes: After studying this course the student would be able to choose the instrument needed for analysis. UNIT-I (12 Lectures) AN INTRODUCTION TO INSTRUMENTAL METHODS: Terms Associated With Chemical Analysis, Classification Of Instrumental Techniques, A Review Of The Important Considerations In Analytical Methods, Basic Functions of Instrumentation, Important Considerations in Evaluating an Instrumental Method.

867 citations


"Powder XRD Technique and its Applic..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Identification and comparison of trace quantities of material can help in the conviction of a suspect of his involvement in a crime [1,3]....

    [...]

  • ...Amorphous materials like glass do not have periodic array with long-range order so; they do not produce any significant peak in diffraction pattern [1-3]....

    [...]

  • ...Constructive interference occurs when the differences in the travel path of the incident X-rays is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength [1-3]....

    [...]

  • ...XRD topography detects and forms the image of the defects within a crystal [1,3,6]....

    [...]