Book•
Power: A Radical View
18 Jun 1974-
TL;DR: The One-Dimensional view, the Two-dimensional view, and the three-dimensional views of power and interest were compared in this article, where the Underlying Concept of Power - Power and Interest - Three Views Compared
Abstract: The One-Dimensional View - The Two-Dimensional View - The Three-Dimensional View - The Underlying Concept of Power - Power and Interest - The Three Views Compared - Conclusion - Bibliography
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conceptualized path dependence as a social process grounded in a dynamic of increasing returns, and demonstrated that increasing returns processes are likely to be prevalent and that good analytical foundations exist for exploring their causes and consequences.
Abstract: It is increasingly common for social scientists to describe political processes as “path dependent.” The concept, however, is often employed without careful elaboration. This article conceptualizes path dependence as a social process grounded in a dynamic of “increasing returns.” Reviewing recent literature in economics and suggesting extensions to the world of politics, the article demonstrates that increasing returns processes are likely to be prevalent, and that good analytical foundations exist for exploring their causes and consequences. The investigation of increasing returns can provide a more rigorous framework for developing some of the key claims of recent scholarship in historical institutionalism: Specific patterns of timing and sequence matter; a wide range of social outcomes may be possible; large consequences may result from relatively small or contingent events; particular courses of action, once introduced, can be almost impossible to reverse; and consequently, political development is punctuated by critical moments or junctures that shape the basic contours of social life.
5,652 citations
TL;DR: Hallin and Mancini as discussed by the authors proposed a framework for comparative analysis of the relation between the media and the political system, based on a survey of media institutions in eighteen West European and North American democracies.
Abstract: This book proposes a framework for comparative analysis of the relation between the media and the political system Building on a survey of media institutions in eighteen West European and North American democracies, Hallin and Mancini identify the principal dimensions of variation in media systems and the political variables that have shaped their evolution They go on to identify three major models of media system development, the Polarized Pluralist, Democratic Corporatist, and Liberal models; to explain why the media have played a different role in politics in each of these systems; and to explore the force of change that are currently transforming them It provides a key theoretical statement about the relation between media and political systems, a key statement about the methodology of comparative analysis in political communication, and a clear overview of the variety of media institutions that have developed in the West, understood within their political and historical context
4,541 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate the measurement of women empowerment in the context of three interrelated dimensions: resources agency, achievements, and consequences, and conclude that empowerment is defined by the structural dimensions of individual choice.
Abstract: This paper evaluates the measurement of womens empowerment in the context of three interrelated dimensions: resources agency and achievements. Several studies are analyzed to stress important methodological points. Resources is here understood to refer not only to material resources but also to the various human and social resources which enhance the ability to exercise choice. Individual and structural change are interdependent in processes of empowerment. The idea of choice must be qualified so that it incorporates the structural dimensions of individual choice according to two criteria: the criterion of alternatives relates to the structural conditions under which choices are made while the criterion of consequences relates to the extent to which choices made have the potential for transforming structural conditions. By definition indicators of empowerment cannot provide an accurate measurement of changes in womens ability to make choices; they can merely indicate the direction and meaning of change. Finally there are problems in measurement and conceptualization associated with capturing particular kinds of social change. Thus giving women access to credit creating constitutional provisions for political participation or equalizing educational opportunities is unlikely to empower them automatically; instead it will create a vantage point from which to view alternatives; this in turn constitutes the precondition for the establishment of a more transformatory consciousness.
3,356 citations
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the relevance of critical theory for action research in the context of community action research, and discuss the role of community in the development of complex practice by teams of social workers.
Abstract: Introduction - Peter Reason and Hilary Bradbury Inquiry and Participation in Search of a World Worthy of Human Aspiration PART ONE: GROUNDINGS Theory and Practice - Bj[sl]orn Gustavsen The Mediating Discourse Participatory (Action) Research in Social Theory - Orlando Fals Borda Origins and Challenges Action Research in the Workplace - William Pasmore The Socio-Technical Perspective Infusing Race into the US Discourse on Action Research - Ella Edmondson Bell Uneven Ground - Patricia Maguire Feminisms and Participatory, Action-Oriented Research Power and Knowledge - John Gaventa and Andrea Cornwall Knowledge and Participatory Research - Peter Park Exploring the Relevance of Critical Theory for Action Research - Stephen Kemmis Emancipatory Action Research in the Footsteps of J[um]urgen Habermas Pragmatic Action Research and the Struggle to Transform Universities into Learning Communities - Morten Levin and Davydd Greenwood The Humanistic Approach to Action Research - John Rowan Engaging Sympathies - Yvonna S Lincoln Relationships between Action Research and Social Constructivism The Relationship of 'Systems Thinking' to Action Research - Robert Louis Flood Action Research as the Hidden Curriculum of the Western Tradition - Olav Eikeland PART TWO: PRACTICES Action Science - Victor J Friedman Creating Communities of Inquiry in Communities of Practice I Wish This Were a Poem of Practices of Participatory Research - Budd L Hall The Practice of Co-Operative Inquiry - John Heron and Peter Reason Research 'with' Rather Than 'on' People Appreciative Inquiry - James D Ludema, David L Cooperrider and Frank J Barrett The Power of the Unconditional Positive Question Large Group Processes as Action Research - Ann W Martin The Use of Words - [sl]Oyvind P[lo]alshaugen Improving Enterprises by Improving Their Conversations Ethnodrama - Jim Mienczakowski and Stephen Morgan Constructing Participatory, Experiential and Compelling Action Research through Performance Clinical//Inquiry Research - Edgar H Schein Community Action Research - Peter Senge and Otto Scharmer Learning as a Community of Practitioners, Consultants and Researchers The Practice of Action Inquiry - William R Torbert The Turn to Action and the Linguistic Turn - Lesley Treleaven Towards an Integrated Methodology Educational Action Research - Ken Zeicher PART THREE: EXEMPLARS Working Together, Learning Together - Mark Baldwin Co-Operative Inquiry in the Development of Complex Practice by Teams of Social Workers The Early Mothering Project - Penelope A Barrett What Happened When the Words 'Action Research' Came to Life for a Group of Midwives Citizens' Participation in Natural Resource Management - Yogesh Bhatt and Rajesh Tandon Learning with /f003The Natural Step - Hilary Bradbury Action Research to Promote Conversations for Sustainable Development Transforming Lives - Gloria Bravette Gordon Towards Bicultural Competence Action Research to Develop an Interorganizational Network - Rupert F Chisholm Transpersonal Co-Operative Inquiry - John Heron Using Co-Operative Inquiry to Transform Evaluation of Nursing Students' Clinical Practice - Marcia D Hills Collaborative Inquiry with African-American Community Leaders - James G Kelly, Lynne O Mock and S Darius Tandon Comments on a Participatory Action Research Process Participatory Research and Education for Social Change - Helen M Lewis Highlander Research and Education Center Creative Arts and Photography in Participatory Action Research in Guatemala - M Brinton Lykes The Art of Clinical Inquiry in Information Technology Related Change - Joe McDonagh and David Coghlan The Sights and Sounds of Indigenous Knowledge - Timothy Pyrch and Mar[ac]ia Teresa Castillo Participatory Action Research in Southern Tanzania, with Special Reference to Women - Marja-Liisa Swantz, Elizabeth Ndedya and Mwajuma Saiddy Masaiganah Six Street Youth Who Could... - Elizabeth Whitmore and Colette McKee PART FOUR: SKILLS Collaborative Off-Line Reflection - Jenny W Rudolph, Steven S Taylor and Erica Gabrielle Foldy A Way to Develop Skill in Action Science and Action Inquiry On Working with Graduate Research Students - Peter Reason and Judi Marshall The Mirror, the Magnifying Glass, the Compass and the Map - Yoland Wadsworth Facilitating Participatory Action Research Self-Reflective Inquiry Practices - Judi Marshall The Third Task of Universities or How to Get Universities to Serve Their Communities - G[um]oran Brulin Conclusion - Hilary Bradbury and Peter Reason Broadening the Bandwidth of Validity: Issues as Choice-Points to Ensure Quality in Action Research
2,870 citations
Book•
01 Aug 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of media content beyond processes and effects analyzing media content patterns of media contents influences on content from individual media workers influence on media routines influence on content influences on contents from outside of media organizations, influence of ideology linking influences on media content to the effects of content building a theory of news content.
Abstract: Studying influences on media content beyond processes and effects analyzing media content patterns of media content influences on content from individual media workers influence of media routines organizational influences on content influences on content from outside of media organizations the influence of ideology linking influences on content to the effects of content building a theory of news content.
2,148 citations
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Book•
01 Jan 1970
TL;DR: DecDecisions and Nondecisions: An Analytical Framework for Power in Contemporary Society as discussed by the authors is a seminal work in the field of non-decision-making, focusing on the problem of power in contemporary society.
Abstract: Preface Like so many of its kind, this book was hatched in the classroom. More than ten years in the making, it grew out of a jointly taught seminar at Bryn Mawr College for undergraduate students in political science and economics. The result of many hours of discussion, research, and refinement of written drafts, the book is truly a joint product. To put it another way, although our individual contributions are still identifiable in the final version, everything in the book bears both our imprints. Our original interest in the subject matter is well suggested by the title of our course, The Problem of Power in Contemporary Society. Intrigued by the controversy between "elitist" and "pluralist" students of community power, typified respectively by Floyd Hunter and Robert A. Dahl, we focused initially on the limitations of each approach. Out of this came our first joint article, "Two Faces of Power," reprinted almost unchanged as Chapter I of this book. The next step was definitional. Early on, we had been impressed with the many meanings assigned to power, meanings unstated as often as not. We also observed that the concepts of power, authority and influence were often used inter-changeably, leading to imprecision of analysis and, not seldom, confusion. The product of our musings along these lines was "Decisions and Nondecisions: An Analytical Framework," first published in 1963 and reprinted here in modified form in Chapter II and part of Chapter III. Neither of these articles attracted much attention at the time it first appeared. Within a few years, however, they "caught on," attracting both devotees and severe critics. The latter, by and large, acknowledged the theoretical significance of the nondecision concept, which is our major innovation, but they directed strong (and still continuing) fire at the empirical worth of the notion. How, they asked, can anyone establish the existence of a "non-event"? The criticism, though anticipated and though inappropriately put (nondecisions are anything but non-events), was basically well taken and had to be met. As soon as possible after each of us had fulfilled independent commitments of other kinds, we rejoined forces for an empirical analysis of the relationship between the anti-poverty effort and the political process in Baltimore, Maryland. Our chief objectives were: to clarify the concept of nondecision-making, demonstrate its empirical utility, and analyze the diverse means of exercise and the impact of power and its correlates in relationship to political ideology and institutions in a community undergoing change. The city of Baltimore was admirably suited to our purposes. Throughout the period of our field research, long-submerged tensions rose to the surface, culminating in a major race riot which signaled the beginning of an overt political conflict between leaders of "inner-city" blacks and white political elites. ……
944 citations