Power and life extension of battery-ultracapacitor hybrids
07 Aug 2002-IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies (IEEE)-Vol. 25, Iss: 1, pp 120-131
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of a battery-ultracapacitor hybrid power source under pulsed load conditions is analyzed using simplified models, and the authors show that peak power can be greatly enhanced, internal losses can be considerably reduced, and that discharge life of the battery is extended.
Abstract: The performance of a battery-ultracapacitor hybrid power source under pulsed load conditions is analytically described using simplified models. We show that peak power can be greatly enhanced, internal losses can be considerably reduced, and that discharge life of the battery is extended. Greatest benefits are seen when the load pulse rate is higher than the system eigenfrequency and when the pulse duty is small. Actual benefits are substantial; adding a 23 F ultracapacitor bank (3 /spl times/ 7 PC10 ultracapacitors) in parallel with a typical Li-ion battery of 7.2 V and 1.35 A hr capacity can boost the peak power capacity by 5 times and reduce the power loss by 74%, while minimally impacting system volume and weight, for pulsed loads of 5 A, 1 Hz repetition rate, and 10% duty.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a complete dynamic model of a lithium ion battery that is suitable for virtual prototyping of portable battery-powered systems, based on publicly available data such as the manufacturers' data sheets.
Abstract: Presents here a complete dynamic model of a lithium ion battery that is suitable for virtual-prototyping of portable battery-powered systems. The model accounts for nonlinear equilibrium potentials, rate- and temperature-dependencies, thermal effects and response to transient power demand. The model is based on publicly available data such as the manufacturers' data sheets. The Sony US18650 is used as an example. The model output agrees both with manufacturer's data and with experimental results. The model can be easily modified to fit data from different batteries and can be extended for wide dynamic ranges of different temperatures and current rates.
784 citations
Cites background from "Power and life extension of battery..."
...The advantages of such a system are that the power and discharge life of the battery can be boosted and the overall system power density can be increased [31]....
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TL;DR: This critical Review focuses on the evolution of the hybrid ion capacitor (HIC) from its early embodiments to its modern form, focusing on the key outstanding scientific and technological questions that necessitate further in-depth study.
Abstract: In this critical Review we focus on the evolution of the hybrid ion capacitor (HIC) from its early embodiments to its modern form, focusing on the key outstanding scientific and technological questions that necessitate further in-depth study. It may be argued that HICs began as aqueous systems, based on a Faradaic oxide positive electrode (e.g., Co3O4, RuOx) and an activated carbon ion-adsorption negative electrode. In these early embodiments HICs were meant to compete directly with electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), rather than with the much higher energy secondary batteries. The HIC design then evolved to be based on a wide voltage (∼4.2 V) carbonate-based battery electrolyte, using an insertion titanium oxide compound anode (Li4Ti5O12, LixTi5O12) versus a Li ion adsorption porous carbon cathode. The modern Na and Li architectures contain a diverse range of nanostructured materials in both electrodes, including TiO2, Li7Ti5O12, Li4Ti5O12, Na6LiTi5O12, Na2Ti3O7, graphene, hard carbon, soft carbo...
663 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a composite energy storage system (CESS) that contains both high energy density storage battery and high power density storage ultracapacitor to meet the requirements of renewable energy sources is proposed.
Abstract: Renewable-energy-based microgrids are a better way of utilizing renewable power and reduce the usage of fossil fuels. Usage of energy storage becomes mandatory when such microgrids are used to supply quality power to the loads. Microgrids have two modes of operation, namely, grid-connected and islanding modes. During islanding mode, the main responsibility of the storage is to perform energy balance. During grid-connected mode, the goal is to prevent propagation of the renewable source intermittency and load fluctuations to the grid. Energy storage of a single type cannot perform all these jobs efficiently in a renewable powered microgrid. The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources like photovoltaic (PV) demands usage of storage with high energy density. At the same time, quick fluctuation of load demands storage with high power density. This paper proposes a composite energy storage system (CESS) that contains both high energy density storage battery and high power density storage ultracapacitor to meet the aforementioned requirements. The proposed power converter configuration and the energy management scheme can actively distribute the power demand among the different energy storages. Results are presented to show the feasibility of the proposed scheme.
648 citations
Cites background from "Power and life extension of battery..."
...[5] analytically proved that battery–ultracapacitor hybrid achieves power and life extension of battery....
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of the state-of-the-art models for electrical, self-discharge, and thermal behaviors of supercapacitors is presented, where electrochemical, equivalent circuit, intelligent, and fractional-order models are highlighted.
Abstract: Supercapacitors (SCs) have high power density and exceptional durability. Progress has been made in their materials and chemistries, while extensive research has been carried out to address challenges of SC management. The potential engineering applications of SCs are being continually explored. This paper presents a review of SC modeling, state estimation, and industrial applications reported in the literature, with the overarching goal to summarize recent research progress and stimulate innovative thoughts for SC control/management. For SC modeling, the state-of-the-art models for electrical, self-discharge, and thermal behaviors are systematically reviewed, where electrochemical, equivalent circuit, intelligent, and fractional-order models for electrical behavior simulation are highlighted. For SC state estimation, methods for State-of-Charge (SOC) estimation and State-of-Health (SOH) monitoring are covered, together with an underlying analysis of aging mechanism and its influencing factors. Finally, a wide range of potential SC applications is summarized. Particularly, co-working with high energy-density devices constitutes hybrid energy storage for renewable energy systems and electric vehicles (EVs), sufficiently reaping synergistic benefits of multiple energy-storage units.
567 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an actively controlled battery/ultracapacitor hybrid has been proposed to achieve higher specific power while reducing battery current and its internal loss, which can be scaled to larger or smaller power capacities for a variety of applications.
Abstract: An actively controlled battery/ultracapacitor hybrid has broad applications in pulse-operated power systems. A converter is used to actively control the power flow from a battery, to couple the battery to an ultracapacitor for power enhancement, and to deliver the power to a load efficiently. The experimental and simulation results show that the hybrid can achieve much greater specific power while reducing battery current and its internal loss. A specific example of the hybrid built from two size 18650 lithium-ion cells and two 100-F ultracapacitors achieved a peak power of 132 W which is a three-times improvement in peak power compared to the passive hybrid power source (hybrid without a converter), and a seven times improvement as compared to the lithium-ion cells alone. The design presented here can be scaled to larger or smaller power capacities for a variety of applications.
430 citations
Cites background from "Power and life extension of battery..."
...As has been demonstrated, an optimized passive battery/ultracapacitor hybrid [6] has several advantages over a...
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...The load pulse duty ratio affects both the power enhancement and the efficiency for a given configuration of the battery and ultracapacitor arrays [6]....
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References
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14 Feb 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, the double-layer and surface functionalities at Carbon were investigated and the double layer at Capacitor Electrode Interfaces: its structure and Capacitance.
Abstract: 1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 2 Similarities and Differences between Supercapacitors and Batteries for Electrical Energy Storage 3 Energetics and Elements of Kinetics of Electrode Processes 4 Elements of Electrostatics Involved in Treatment of Double-Layers and Ions at Capacitors Electrode Interfaces 5 Behavior of Dielectrics in Capacitors and Theories of Dielectric Polarization 6 The Double-Layer at Capacitor Electrode Interfaces: Its Structure and Capacitance 7 Theoretical Treatment and Modeling of the Double-Layer at Electrode Interfaces 8 Behavior of the Double-Layer in Non-Aqueous Electrolytes and Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Capacitors 9 The Double-Layer and Surface Functionalities at Carbon 10 Electrochemical Capacitors Based on Pseudocapacitance 11 The Electrochemical Behavior of Ruthenium Oxide (RuO2) as a Material for Electrochemical Capacitors 12 Capacitance Behavior of Films Conducting, Electrochemically Reactive Polymers 13 The Electrolyte Factor in Supercapacitor Design and Performance: Conductivity, Ion-Pairing and Solvation 14 Electrochemical Behavior at Porous Electrodes Applications to Capacitors 15 Energy-Density and Power-Density of Electrical Energy Storage Devices 16 AC Impedance Behavior of Electrochemical Capacitors and Other Electrochemical Systems 17 Treatments of Impedance Behavior of Various Circuits and Modeling of Double-Layer Capacitor Frequency Response 18 Self-Discharge of Electrochemical Capacitors in Relation to that of at Batteries 19 Technology Development 20 Patent Survey
4,908 citations
"Power and life extension of battery..." refers background in this paper
...Similarly, the capacitor actually has a very complex charge/discharge characteristic having multiple time constants [2], [3], [10], or more specifically, having distributed capacitance and resistance....
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TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental principles, performance, characteristics, present and future applications of electrochemical capacitors are presented in this communication, and different applications demanding large ECs with high voltage and improved energy and power density are under discussion.
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12 Oct 1998
TL;DR: In this article, the double-layer capacitor (DLC) for power applications is presented, and an equivalent circuit model consisting of three RC branches, one of them with a voltage-dependent capacitance is presented.
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615 citations
TL;DR: In this article, four different testing methods including Impedance Spectroscopy, Constant Current Charging, Cyclic Voltammetry and Power Cycling were applied to each supercapacitor and the results are reviewed.
87 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a power source with enough energy to meet the Army's preference for a 72-h mission life before the need for resupply, based on the Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System.
78 citations