Power Line Communications: An Overview - Part I
01 Nov 2007-pp 218-222
TL;DR: This part focuses on the PLC applications and the technical issues regarding it and the layers and methods that are needed to make it work.
Abstract: We give an overview of the power line communications (PLC) technology, its importance, its standards and an overview of the HomePlug standards associated with it. This is done is two parts due to publication constraints. In this part, we will concentrate on the PLC applications and the technical issues regarding it. We will also see the layers and methods that are needed to make it work.
Citations
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TL;DR: This survey provides a technology overview and review of existing literature of visible light communication and sensing and outlines important challenges that need to be addressed in order to design high-speed mobile networks using visible light Communication-VLC.
Abstract: The solid-state lighting is revolutionizing the indoor illumination. Current incandescent and fluorescent lamps are being replaced by the LEDs at a rapid pace. Apart from extremely high energy efficiency, the LEDs have other advantages such as longer lifespan, lower heat generation, and improved color rendering without using harmful chemicals. One additional benefit of LEDs is that they are capable of switching to different light intensity at a very fast rate. This functionality has given rise to a novel communication technology (known as visible light communication—VLC) where LED luminaires can be used for high speed data transfer. This survey provides a technology overview and review of existing literature of visible light communication and sensing. This paper provides a detailed survey of 1) visible light communication system and characteristics of its various components such as transmitter and receiver; 2) physical layer properties of visible light communication channel, modulation methods, and MIMO techniques; 3) medium access techniques; 4) system design and programmable platforms; and 5) visible light sensing and application such as indoor localization, gesture recognition, screen-camera communication, and vehicular networking. We also outline important challenges that need to be addressed in order to design high-speed mobile networks using visible light communication.
1,208 citations
Cites background from "Power Line Communications: An Overv..."
...coverage issues [187] of power line communications should be...
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TL;DR: The essentials of the progressive smart grid paradigm and integration of different communications technologies for the legacy power system are provided and foreseeable issues and challenges in designing communications networks for the smart grid system are rigorously deliberated.
Abstract: The present electric power system structure has lasted for decades; it is still partially proprietary, energy-inefficient, physically and virtually (or cyber) insecure, as well as prone to power transmission congestion and consequent failures. Recent efforts in building a smart grid system have focused on addressing the problems of global warming effects, rising energy-hungry demands, and risks of peak loads. One of the major goals of the new system is to effectively regulate energy usage by utilizing the backbone of the prospectively deployed Automatic Meter Reading (AMR), Advanced Meter Infrastructure (AMI), and Demand Response (DR) programs via the advanced distribution automation and dynamic pricing models. The function of the power grid is no longer a system that only supplies energy to end users, but also allows consumers to contribute their clean energy back to the grid in the future. In the meantime, communications networks in the electric power infrastructure enact critical roles. Intelligent automation proposed in smart grid projects include the Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition/Energy Management Systems (SCADA/EMS) and Phasor Management Units (PMU) in transmission networks, as well as the AMR/AMI associated with field/neighborhood area networks (FAN/NAN) and home area networks (HAN) at the distribution and end-use levels. This article provides an overview of the essentials of the progressive smart grid paradigm and integration of different communications technologies for the legacy power system. Additionally, foreseeable issues and challenges in designing communications networks for the smart grid system are also rigorously deliberated in this paper.
269 citations
Cites background from "Power Line Communications: An Overv..."
...It defines IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n and operates in the 2.4 and 5 GHz frequency bands....
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...Several major issues are addressed below before acquiring reliable communications: 1) Coexistence: In wireless networks, the varieties of wireless technologies sharing the common 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band may incur severe interference to one another....
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...11a, IP500 Alliance; • Networks using sub-GHz band radios (i.e., frequencies bellow 1GHz proposed in IEEE 802.15.4g and IEEE 802.11ah) as communications channels for better RF penetration as well as less-severe interference; • The PLC-based Watteco’s Watt Pulse Communication (WPC) as well as HomePlug Green....
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...A newly discovered mechanism called E-Line is able to support a much higher data rate in excess of 1 Gbps and operate in bands between 100 MHz and 10 GHz [68]....
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TL;DR: A design and evaluates the performance of a power consumption scheduler in smart grid homes or buildings, aiming at reducing the peak load in them as well as in the system-wide power transmission network.
Abstract: This paper presents a design and evaluates the performance of a power consumption scheduler in smart grid homes or buildings, aiming at reducing the peak load in them as well as in the system-wide power transmission network. Following the task model consist of actuation time, operation length, deadline, and a consumption profile, the scheduler linearly copies the profile entry or maps a combinatory vector to the allocation table one by one according to the task type, which can be either preemptive or nonpreemptive. The proposed scheme expands the search space recursively to traverse all the feasible allocations for a task set. A pilot implementation of this scheduling method reduces the peak load by up to 23.1% for the given task set. The execution time, basically approximated by (The equation is abbreviated), where M, N(subscript NP), and N(subscript P) are the number of time slots, nonpreemptive tasks, and preemptive tasks, respectively, is reduced almost to 2% taking advantage of an efficient constraint processing mechanism which prunes a search branch when the partial peak value already exceeds the current best. In addition, local peak reduction brings global peak reduction by up to 16% for the home-scale scheduling units without any global coordination, avoiding uncontrollable peak resonance.
53 citations
TL;DR: From simulation results, it is confirmed that the proposed clipping scheme has slightly better performance than conventional PLC system.
Abstract: In this paper, we propose clipping scheme and equalizer as methods to reduce the effects of impulsive noise and channel attenuation in power line communication (PLC) system. Clipping is cutting off the amplitude of the received signal over threshold level without its phase change in order to reduce noise effects. The equalizer compensates for effects of PLC channel. The performance is evaluated in terms of bit error rate (BER). From simulation results, it is confirmed that the proposed clipping scheme has slightly better performance than conventional PLC system. The results of the paper can be applied to PLC systems for smart grid.
51 citations
01 Dec 2008
TL;DR: The obtained simulation results show that the Combined TD/FD technique performs better than practically used nonlinearities and can reduce the adverse effect of impulsive noise significantly.
Abstract: Impulsive noise is one of the major challenges in power line communications and can cause serious problems in OFDM-based PLC systems. In this paper, we propose a combined Time-Domain/Frequency-domain technique for impulsive noise reduction in OFDM-based PLC systems. The performance of the proposed technique is studied against well known time-domain nonlinearities by means of computer simulations. The obtained simulation results show that the Combined TD/FD technique performs better than practically used nonlinearities and can reduce the adverse effect of impulsive noise significantly.
43 citations
Cites background from "Power Line Communications: An Overv..."
...C. Impulsive Noise In contrast to most other communication channels, the noise in power line channels can not be described as Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN)....
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...This is because it can not be described by Additive white Gaussian Noise (AWGN) as the case in many other communication channels [2]....
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...Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a very well known multi-carrier transmission technique that can cope well with PLC channel conditions....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the first part of a two-part series on communications over the European 240 V domestic powerline in the frequencies identified by the CENELEC European mains signalling standard using low-cost equipment for applications requiring data rates of no more than hundreds of bits per second (bits/s).
Abstract: This is the first part of a two-part series on communications over the European 240 V domestic powerline in the frequencies identified by the CENELEC European mains signalling standard using low-cost equipment for applications requiring data rates of no more than hundreds of bits per second (bits/s). To minimize costs, narrow-band modem techniques are considered. The series of papers identifies the key impairments introduced by the channel, proposes a novel model structure to simulate them, and gives quantitative values for simulation based on empirical measurements. The first paper describes the principal linear impairments; noise whose intensity cycles at twice the AC line rate, and linear signal attenuation. The second paper describes nonlinear multiplicative fading. Both papers present suitable modulation schemes based on orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM).
38 citations
TL;DR: This is the second of a two-part series on communications over the European 240 V domestic power line, in the frequencies identified by the CENELEC European mains signaling standard, suitable for low-cost equipment in applications requiring data rates of no more than hundreds of bits per second.
Abstract: This is the second of a two-part series on communications over the European 240 V domestic powerline, in the frequencies identified by the CENELEC European mains signalling standard, suitable for low-cost equipment in applications requiring data rates of no more than hundreds of bits per second (b/s). To minimize costs, narrow-band modulation techniques are considered. The series of two papers identifies the key impairments introduced by the channel, proposes a novel model structure to simulate them, and describes modulation techniques. The first paper describes the principal linear impairments; cyclic noise power variation and linear signal attenuation. The present paper describes nonlinear multiplicative signal fading and shows how orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM) can be used to overcome these impairments.
21 citations
"Power Line Communications: An Overv..." refers background in this paper
...A mathematical channel model and a survey of work can be found in [8]....
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02 Apr 1989
TL;DR: A look at the history, present applications and system designs for mains-borne data communications, including modern selection and networking software.
Abstract: A look at the history, present applications and system designs for mains-borne data communications. Modern selection and networking software are covered.<
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19 citations
6 citations
04 Dec 2005
TL;DR: A radiated emission model for broadband power line communications (PLC) in the frequency range of 1MHz to 30MHz for finite-length power lines with an arbitrary bend is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a radiated emission model for broadband power line communications (PLC) in the frequency range of 1MHz to 30MHz for finite-length power lines with an arbitrary bend In the model, the power line was divided into small units which were considered as antennas The radiated emissions are obtained with the summation of the antennas Experiments were made to check the validity and accuracy of our model
2 citations
"Power Line Communications: An Overv..." refers methods in this paper
...A detailed discussion of modeling with mathematical treatment for a Power Line Channel is given in [12]....
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