Power Smoothing of Large Solar PV Plant Using Hybrid Energy Storage
TL;DR: In this article, a power smoothing strategy for a 1MW grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant is proposed, where a hybrid energy storage system composed of a vanadium redox battery and a supercapacitor bank is used to smooth the fluctuating output power.
Abstract: This paper proposes a power smoothing strategy for a 1-MW grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant. A hybrid energy storage system (HESS) composed of a vanadium redox battery and a supercapacitor bank is used to smooth the fluctuating output power of the PV plant. The power management of the HESS is purposely designed to reduce the required power rating of the SCB to only one-fifth of the VRB rating and to avoid the operation of the VRB at low power levels, thus increasing its overall efficiency. The PV plant including the HESS has been modeled using MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS software environment. The effectiveness of the proposed power control strategy is confirmed through extensive simulation results.
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01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: An overview of the existing PV energy conversion systems, addressing the system configuration of different PV plants and the PV converter topologies that have found practical applications for grid-connected systems is presented in this paper.
Abstract: Photovoltaic (PV) energy has grown at an average annual rate of 60% in the last five years, surpassing one third of the cumulative wind energy installed capacity, and is quickly becoming an important part of the energy mix in some regions and power systems. This has been driven by a reduction in the cost of PV modules. This growth has also triggered the evolution of classic PV power converters from conventional singlephase grid-tied inverters to more complex topologies to increase efficiency, power extraction from the modules, and reliability without impacting the cost. This article presents an overview of the existing PV energy conversion systems, addressing the system configuration of different PV plants and the PV converter topologies that have found practical applications for grid-connected systems. In addition, the recent research and emerging PV converter technology are discussed, highlighting their possible advantages compared with the present technology. Solar PV energy conversion systems have had a huge growth from an accumulative total power equal to approximately 1.2 GW in 1992 to 136 GW in 2013 (36 GW during 2013) [1]. This phenomenon has been possible because of several factors all working together to push the PV energy to cope with one important position today (and potentially a fundamental position in the near future). Among these factors are the cost reduction and increase in efficiency of the PV modules, the search for alternative clean energy sources (not based on fossil fuels), increased environmental awareness, and favorable political regulations from local governments (establishing feed-in tariffs designed to accelerate investment in renewable energy technologies). It has become usual to see PV systems installed on the roofs of houses or PV farms next to the roads in the countryside. Grid-connected PV systems account for more than 99% of the PV installed capacity compared to
772 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the existing PV energy conversion systems, addressing the system configuration of different PV plants and the PV converter topologies that have found practical applications for grid-connected systems is presented in this article.
Abstract: Photovoltaic (PV) energy has grown at an average annual rate of 60% in the last five years, surpassing one third of the cumulative wind energy installed capacity, and is quickly becoming an important part of the energy mix in some regions and power systems. This has been driven by a reduction in the cost of PV modules. This growth has also triggered the evolution of classic PV power converters from conventional single-phase grid-tied inverters to more complex topologies to increase efficiency, power extraction from the modules, and reliability without impacting the cost. This article presents an overview of the existing PV energy conversion systems, addressing the system configuration of different PV plants and the PV converter topologies that have found practical applications for grid-connected systems. In addition, the recent research and emerging PV converter technology are discussed, highlighting their possible advantages compared with the present technology.
772 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review of energy storage technologies that are currently engaged for power applications, including pumped hydro, compressed-air, battery, flywheel, capacitor, supercapacitor, superconducting magnetic and thermal systems, is presented.
Abstract: A significant percentage of the global energy demand is expected to be met through widespread supply of renewable electricity in the near future. However, renewable energy outputs are variable due to a stochastic characteristic of their sources. Electrical power system operators around the world are faced with difficulties of integrating these variable power sources into the existing power grids. Energy storage systems are one of the possible solutions for mitigating the effects of intermittent renewable resources on networks, allowing increased renewable energy utilization, and providing flexibility and ancillary services for managing future electricity supply/demand challenges. This paper presents a comprehensive review of energy storage technologies that are currently engaged for power applications, including pumped hydro, compressed-air, battery, flywheel, capacitor, supercapacitor, superconducting magnetic and thermal systems. The study compares the characteristics of these systems, and presents their technological development status and capital costs. Some directions for future work are also highlighted. Furthermore, particular attention is paid to some new storage technologies such as: adiabatic, underwater, isothermal and small-scale compressed-air; sub-surface, seawater and variable-speed pumped hydro, and pumped heat systems, which hold opportunity for future smart electrical grid applications, but there is need for more research to actualize their promising potentials.
521 citations
TL;DR: This paper comprehensively reviews the state of the art of HESSs system for MG applications and presents a general outlook of developing HESS industry.
Abstract: Energy storages introduce many advantages such as balancing generation and demand, power quality improvement, smoothing the renewable resource’s intermittency, and enabling ancillary services like frequency and voltage regulation in microgrid (MG) operation. Hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) characterized by coupling of two or more energy storage technologies are emerged as a solution to achieve the desired performance by combining the appropriate features of different technologies. A single ESS technology cannot fulfill the desired operation due to its limited capability and potency in terms of lifespan, cost, energy and power density, and dynamic response. Hence, different configurations of HESSs considering storage type, interface, control method, and the provided service have been proposed in the literature. This paper comprehensively reviews the state of the art of HESSs system for MG applications and presents a general outlook of developing HESS industry. Important aspects of HESS utilization in MGs including capacity sizing methods, power converter topologies for HESS interface, architecture, controlling, and energy management of HESS in MGs are reviewed and classified. An economic analysis along with design methodology is also included to point out the HESS from investor and distribution systems engineers view. Regarding literature review and available shortcomings, future trends of HESS in MGs are proposed.
327 citations
TL;DR: The range of services distributed ES systems can provide, and the control challenges they introduce are reviewed, and multi-agent control with agents satisfying Wooldridge’s definition of intelligence is proposed as a promising direction for future research.
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of the state of the art control strategies specifically designed to coordinate distributed energy storage (ES) systems in microgrids. Power networks are undergoing a transition from the traditional model of centralised generation towards a smart decentralised network of renewable sources and ES systems, organised into autonomous microgrids. ES systems can provide a range of services, particularly when distributed throughout the power network. The introduction of distributed ES represents a fundamental change for power networks, increasing the network control problem dimensionality and adding long time-scale dynamics associated with the storage systems’ state of charge levels. Managing microgrids with many small distributed ES systems requires new scalable control strategies that are robust to power network and communication network disturbances. This paper reviews the range of services distributed ES systems can provide, and the control challenges they introduce. The focus of this paper is a presentation of the latest decentralised, centralised and distributed multi-agent control strategies designed to coordinate distributed microgrid ES systems. Finally, multi-agent control with agents satisfying Wooldridge’s definition of intelligence is proposed as a promising direction for future research.
323 citations
Cites methods from "Power Smoothing of Large Solar PV P..."
...In [72] and [73], rule-based control strategies are presented to coordinate vanadium redox flow batteries and ultracapacitors collocated with a PV gener-...
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References
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TL;DR: New trends in power electronics for the integration of wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generators are presented and a review of the appropriate storage-system technology used for the Integration of intermittent renewable energy sources is introduced.
Abstract: The use of distributed energy resources is increasingly being pursued as a supplement and an alternative to large conventional central power stations. The specification of a power-electronic interface is subject to requirements related not only to the renewable energy source itself but also to its effects on the power-system operation, especially where the intermittent energy source constitutes a significant part of the total system capacity. In this paper, new trends in power electronics for the integration of wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generators are presented. A review of the appropriate storage-system technology used for the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources is also introduced. Discussions about common and future trends in renewable energy systems based on reliability and maturity of each technology are presented
3,799 citations
"Power Smoothing of Large Solar PV P..." refers background in this paper
...Currently, additional regulations and standards are expected to be imposed on large PV power plants, due to their potential adverse impacts on reliability and stability of the electricity network [1]–[3]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of electrical energy storage technologies for stationary applications is presented, with particular attention paid to pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage, battery, flow battery, fuel cell, solar fuel, superconducting magnetic energy storage and thermal energy storage.
Abstract: Electrical energy storage technologies for stationary applications are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage, battery, flow battery, fuel cell, solar fuel, superconducting magnetic energy storage, flywheel, capacitor/supercapacitor, and thermal energy storage. Comparison is made among these technologies in terms of technical characteristics, applications and deployment status.
3,031 citations
"Power Smoothing of Large Solar PV P..." refers background in this paper
...The Li-ion battery [1], [8], [9] has a very good performance in terms of efficiency....
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...ABESS can use awide range of technologies [1], [8], [9], such...
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...The NaS battery [1], [8], [9] can be easily scaled to megawatt range but poses a potential safety risk due to its high operation temperature (300 –350 )....
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TL;DR: Of the flow battery technologies that have been investigated, the all-vanadium redox flow battery has received the most attention and has shown most promise in various pre-commercial to commercial stationary applications to date, while new developments in hybrid redox fuel cells are promising to lead the way for future applications in mechanically and electrically "refuelable" electric vehicles.
Abstract: The past few decades have shown a rapid and continuous exhaustion of the available energy resources which may lead to serious energy global crises. Researchers have been focusing on developing new and renewable energy resources to meet the increasing fuel demand and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A surge of research effort is also being directed towards replacing fossil fuel based vehicles with hybrid and electric alternatives. Energy storage is now seen as a critical element in future "smart grid and electric vehicle" applications. Electrochemical energy storage systems offer the best combination of efficiency, cost and flexibility, with redox flow battery systems currently leading the way in this aspect. In this work, a panoramic overview is presented for the various redox flow battery systems and their hybrid alternatives. Relevant published work is reported and critically discussed. A comprehensive study of the available technologies is conducted in terms of technical aspects as well as economic and environmental consequences. Some of the flow battery limitations and technical challenges are also discussed and a range of further research opportunities are presented. Of the flow battery technologies that have been investigated, the all-vanadium redox flow battery has received the most attention and has shown most promise in various pre-commercial to commercial stationary applications to date, while new developments in hybrid redox fuel cells are promising to lead the way for future applications in mechanically and electrically "refuelable" electric vehicles.
1,248 citations
"Power Smoothing of Large Solar PV P..." refers background in this paper
...The VRB features long service life, which means its chemical aging process is relatively slow in comparison with alternative battery technologies [11], [12]....
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TL;DR: This paper presents a review of ESSs for transport and grid applications, covering several aspects as the storage technology, the main applications, and the power converters used to operate some of the energy storage technologies.
Abstract: Energy storage systems (ESSs) are enabling technologies for well-established and new applications such as power peak shaving, electric vehicles, integration of renewable energies, etc. This paper presents a review of ESSs for transport and grid applications, covering several aspects as the storage technology, the main applications, and the power converters used to operate some of the energy storage technologies. Special attention is given to the different applications, providing a deep description of the system and addressing the most suitable storage technology. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the subject and to give an updated reference to nonspecialist, academic, and engineers in the field of power electronics.
1,115 citations
"Power Smoothing of Large Solar PV P..." refers background in this paper
...The Li-ion battery [1], [8], [9] has a very good performance in terms of efficiency....
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...Typical combinations may include battery and supercapacitors (SCs), compressed air and SCs, battery and superconducting magnetics, and others [1]....
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...The NaS battery [1], [8], [9] can be easily scaled to megawatt range but poses a potential safety risk due to its high operation temperature (300 –350 )....
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...Currently, additional regulations and standards are expected to be imposed on large PV power plants, due to their potential adverse impacts on reliability and stability of the electricity network [1]–[3]....
[...]
...ABESS can use awide range of technologies [1], [8], [9], such...
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the historical background, classification, construction, modeling, testing, and voltage balancing of the EDLC technology, and their applications in electrical vehicles, power quality, and others are also discussed.
Abstract: Various energy storage technologies have been developed in the market for various applications. Batteries flywheels, fuel cells are a few which are much common, those are being used in several countries and also research is also carrying on these technologies to make much better them. The electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) is an emerging technology, which really plays a key part in fulfilling the demands of electronic devices and systems, for present and future. This paper presents the historical background, classification, construction, modeling, testing, and voltage balancing of the EDLC technology. The applications of EDLC in electrical vehicles, power quality, and others are also discussed and their advantages over other storages technologies are also discussed.
931 citations
"Power Smoothing of Large Solar PV P..." refers background in this paper
...However, the SCs have a higher power density when compared to batteries, but it is difficult to expand their power rating beyond MW level due to cell voltage unbalancing issues [28]....
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...However, the losses caused by the voltage balancing auxiliary circuits can be quite high according to [28]....
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