Precipitation Partitioning, or to the Surface and Back Again: Historical Overview of the First Process in the Terrestrial Hydrologic Pathway Open image in new window
01 Jan 2020-pp 1-16
TL;DR: A history of the interdisciplinary field focused on improving our understanding of the first step in the terrestrial hydrologic cycle: precipitation partitioning by vegetation is presented in this article, where the origins of interest, rooted in observations from “The Father of Botany, Theophrastus (350 BCE) and synthesize the early formal hydrological and biogeochemical research (~1800-1917), are described.
Abstract: This chapter presents a history of the interdisciplinary field focused on improving our understanding of the first step in the terrestrial hydrologic cycle: precipitation partitioning by vegetation. We describe the origins of interest, rooted in observations from “The Father of Botany,” Theophrastus (350 BCE) and synthesize the early formal hydrologic and biogeochemical research (~1800–1917) that provided the foundation for modern precipitation partitioning investigation. To examine the field’s publication and citation trends over the past century (1918–2017), a meta-analysis of precipitation partitioning research sampled from the Thompson Reuter’s Web of Science is presented and discussed. Finally, a summary of research published on this topic through September 2018 (when this chapter was written) is used to discuss broad future directions as well as to introduce the overall structure of this book.
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01 Dec 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, a spatially distributed snow-evolution modeling system called SnowModel is proposed for application in landscapes, climates, and conditions where snow occurs, which is an aggregation of four submodels: MicroMet defines meteorological forcing conditions, EnBal calculates surface energy exchanges, SnowPack simulates snow depth and water-equivalent evolution, and SnowTran-3D accounts for snow redistribution by wind.
Abstract: SnowModel is a spatially distributed snow-evolution modeling system designed for application in landscapes, climates, and conditions where snow occurs. It is an aggregation of four submodels: MicroMet defines meteorological forcing conditions, EnBal calculates surface energy exchanges, SnowPack simulates snow depth and water-equivalent evolution, and SnowTran-3D accounts for snow redistribution by wind. Since each of these submodels was originally developed and tested for nonforested conditions, details describing modifications made to the submodels for forested areas are provided. SnowModel was created to run on grid increments of 1 to 200 m and temporal increments of 10 min to 1 day. It can also be applied using much larger grid increments, if the inherent loss in high-resolution (subgrid) information is acceptable. Simulated processes include snow accumulation; blowing-snow redistribution and sublimation; forest canopy interception, unloading, and sublimation; snow-density evolution; and snowp...
388 citations
14 Dec 2015
TL;DR: In this article, a cloud forest precipitation scenario that quantifies the additional rainfall gained through cloud water harvesting by the cloud forest is presented, in comparison to interpolated rainfall the precipitation available for recharge within the Dhofar mountains increases by 20%.
Abstract: Abstract Study region The Dhofar mountains are located on the Arabian Peninsula in Southern Oman. Unlike other regions of Oman, the Dhofar mountains have an annual monsoon season that results in a semi-arid cloud forest. The region highly depends on groundwater resources and the Dhofar mountain range is the major recharge area for the Salalah coastal plain. Study focus Forests in cloud-impacted areas can harvest cloud-water droplets in addition to receiving rainfall. The forest interception and recharge relevant net precipitation are investigated by ecohydrological studies. These studies are, however, limited to the point or experimental plot scale and to particular tree species. Groundwater studies, in contrast, are often linked to catchment or groundwater aquifer boundaries and are therefore calculated at meso- to regional scale. To be able to utilize findings from ecohydrological site studies for regional groundwater studies we regionalize field site studies through cloud forest distribution and rainfall interpolation in a semi-arid, data scarce region heavily dependent on groundwater resources. New hydrological insights for the region Our results are a cloud forest precipitation scenario that quantifies the additional rainfall gained through cloud water harvesting by the cloud forest. In comparison to interpolated rainfall the precipitation available for recharge within the Dhofar mountains increases by 20%. Considering a recharge-precipitation ratio calculation the recharge ratios in the region are up to 24% for highly forested areas.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the rainfall partitioning for the invader Ligustrum lucidum and the dominant native Lithraea molleoides, to evaluate the influence of morphological characteristics on stemflow generation in both species, and to explore spatio-temporal patterns of throughfall at stand scale.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors assessed the relationship between canopy development, gross rainfall and throughfall characteristics in a tropical dry forest (TDF) with a total of 95 events of natural rain during December 2019-July 2021, in Northeast Brazil.
Abstract: The energy distribution of natural rainfall droplets at different stages of canopy development in low-latitude semi-arid environments is still understudied. We assessed relationships between canopy development, gross rainfall (P) and throughfall (TF) characteristics in a tropical dry forest (TDF) with a total of 95 events of natural rain during December 2019–July 2021, in Northeast Brazil. One disdrometer was installed in an open field to record the gross rainfall and another under the deciduous vegetation canopy to record the throughfall. At the onset of the rainy season with a low leaf density, a larger fraction of rainfall was converted into throughfall, which declines as the leaf density increases. For events higher than 3 mm, the number of TF drops was always higher than that of P and with smaller diameters, regardless of the stage of canopy development, which indicates fragmenting of the rain drops by the vegetation canopy. The insights of this study are useful to quantify the impact of canopy development stages of a TDF on the characteristics of rainfall reaching the soil forest. Since those characteristics affect the water balance and soil erosion at the hillslope scale, the information provided is crucial for water and soil management.
3 citations
References
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TL;DR: On 13 October 1908, Fritz Haber filed his patent on the "synthesis of ammonia from its elements" for which he was later awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: On 13 October 1908, Fritz Haber filed his patent on the "synthesis of ammonia from its elements" for which he was later awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. A hundred years on we live in a world transformed by and highly dependent upon Haber–Bosch nitrogen.
2,733 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the coverage of active scholarly journals in the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus (20,346 journals) with Ulrich's extensive periodical directory (63,013 journals) to assess whether some field, publishing country and language are over or underrepresented.
Abstract: Bibliometric methods are used in multiple fields for a variety of purposes, namely for research evaluation. Most bibliometric analyses have in common their data sources: Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (WoS) and Elsevier's Scopus. The objective of this research is to describe the journal coverage of those two databases and to assess whether some field, publishing country and language are over or underrepresented. To do this we compared the coverage of active scholarly journals in WoS (13,605 journals) and Scopus (20,346 journals) with Ulrich's extensive periodical directory (63,013 journals). Results indicate that the use of either WoS or Scopus for research evaluation may introduce biases that favor Natural Sciences and Engineering as well as Biomedical Research to the detriment of Social Sciences and Arts and Humanities. Similarly, English-language journals are overrepresented to the detriment of other languages. While both databases share these biases, their coverage differs substantially. As a consequence, the results of bibliometric analyses may vary depending on the database used. These results imply that in the context of comparative research evaluation, WoS and Scopus should be used with caution, especially when comparing different fields, institutions, countries or languages. The bibliometric community should continue its efforts to develop methods and indicators that include scientific output that are not covered in WoS or Scopus, such as field-specific and national citation indexes.
1,686 citations
TL;DR: A longitudinal comparison of eight data points between 2013 and 2015 shows a consistent and reasonably stable quarterly growth for both publications and citations across the three databases, suggesting that all three databases provide sufficient stability of coverage to be used for more detailed cross-disciplinary comparisons.
Abstract: This article aims to provide a systematic and comprehensive comparison of the coverage of the three major bibliometric databases: Google Scholar, Scopus and the Web of Science. Based on a sample of 146 senior academics in five broad disciplinary areas, we therefore provide both a longitudinal and a cross-disciplinary comparison of the three databases. Our longitudinal comparison of eight data points between 2013 and 2015 shows a consistent and reasonably stable quarterly growth for both publications and citations across the three databases. This suggests that all three databases provide sufficient stability of coverage to be used for more detailed cross-disciplinary comparisons. Our cross-disciplinary comparison of the three databases includes four key research metrics (publications, citations, h-index, and hI, annual, an annualised individual h-index) and five major disciplines (Humanities, Social Sciences, Engineering, Sciences and Life Sciences). We show that both the data source and the specific metrics used change the conclusions that can be drawn from cross-disciplinary comparisons.
930 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model for the prediction of interception loss in pine canopies is described, where the storage of water on the canopy is added to by intercepted rainfall and depleted by evaporation and drainage.
849 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an historical perspective of the controversy concerning the hydrological impact of forests, and show how a mostly romantic and emotional confrontation finally evolved into a scientific debate.
712 citations