Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity
01 Jan 2010-
About: The article was published on 2010-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 692 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Parental obesity & Young adult.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: It is shown that paternal high-fat-diet (HFD) exposure programs β-cell ‘dysfunction’ in rat F1 female offspring induces increased body weight, adiposity, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and the first report in mammals of non-genetic, intergenerational transmission of metabolic sequelae of a HFD from father to offspring.
Abstract: Childhood obesity and diabetes are closely related to these conditions in either parent, but how the father contributes is unclear. A study in rats shows that normal females mated with obese, glucose-intolerant fathers on a high-fat diet produce female offspring who develop glucose intolerance due to impaired insulin secretion and pancreatic function. This is the first report in any species that a father's diet can initiate progression to diabetes in his offspring. The work highlights a novel role for environmentally induced paternal factors in influencing metabolic disease in offspring and in the growing epidemics of obesity and diabetes. Here it is shown that the consumption of a high-fat diet by male rats has an intergenerational effect: it leads to the dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells in female offspring. Relative to controls, these offspring showed an early onset of impaired insulin secretion and glucose tolerance, which worsened with time. The results add to our understanding of the complex genetic and environmental factors that are leading to the global epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The global prevalence of obesity is increasing across most ages in both sexes. This is contributing to the early emergence of type 2 diabetes and its related epidemic1,2. Having either parent obese is an independent risk factor for childhood obesity3. Although the detrimental impacts of diet-induced maternal obesity on adiposity and metabolism in offspring are well established4, the extent of any contribution of obese fathers is unclear, particularly the role of non-genetic factors in the causal pathway. Here we show that paternal high-fat-diet (HFD) exposure programs β-cell ‘dysfunction’ in rat F1 female offspring. Chronic HFD consumption in Sprague–Dawley fathers induced increased body weight, adiposity, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Relative to controls, their female offspring had an early onset of impaired insulin secretion and glucose tolerance that worsened with time, and normal adiposity. Paternal HFD altered the expression of 642 pancreatic islet genes in adult female offspring (P < 0.01); genes belonged to 13 functional clusters, including cation and ATP binding, cytoskeleton and intracellular transport. Broader pathway analysis of 2,492 genes differentially expressed (P < 0.05) demonstrated involvement of calcium-, MAPK- and Wnt-signalling pathways, apoptosis and the cell cycle. Hypomethylation of the Il13ra2 gene, which showed the highest fold difference in expression (1.76-fold increase), was demonstrated. This is the first report in mammals of non-genetic, intergenerational transmission of metabolic sequelae of a HFD from father to offspring.
1,210 citations
TL;DR: Evidence from pediatric samples around the world indicates that these traits are associated with body mass index, are heritable, and are linked to polymorphisms in the FTO gene, also discussing their relevance to practical issues of parental feeding styles, portion sizes, and health literacy and numeracy.
Abstract: Pediatric obesity results from a daily energy imbalance between intake and expenditure, an imbalance potentially as slight as ~30-50 kcal/day (e.g., a few extra sips of cola or bites of a cookie). That an 'energy gap' so small may be so powerful suggests the importance of understanding mechanisms of food intake self-regulation (FISR). This review focuses on 4 behavioral indices of FISR in childhood: (1) eating in the absence of hunger; (2) eating rate; (3) caloric compensation and satiety responsiveness, and (4) food responsiveness. Evidence from pediatric samples around the world indicates that these traits are associated with body mass index, are heritable, and are linked to polymorphisms in the FTO gene. We review these data, also discussing their relevance to practical issues of parental feeding styles, portion sizes, and health literacy and numeracy. Research gaps and opportunities for future investigation are discussed. Multidisciplinary approaches and study designs that can address gene-environment interactions are needed to advance the science of FISR and stimulate new avenues for childhood obesity prevention.
878 citations
TL;DR: Prevalence of chronic conditions among children and youth increased from 1988 to 2006, however, presence of these conditions was dynamic over each 6-year cohort, and there were higher rates among male (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.24; 95% CI, 1.07-1.42), Hispanic (AOR, 1
Abstract: Context Rates of obesity and other childhood chronic conditions have increased over recent decades. Patterns of how conditions change over time have not been widely examined. Objective To evaluate change in prevalence of obesity and other chronic conditions in US children, including incidence, remission, and prevalence. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective study using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth–Child Cohort (1988-2006) of 3 nationally representative cohorts of children. Children were aged 2 through 8 years at the beginning of each study period, and cohorts were followed up for 6 years, from 1988 to 1994 (cohort 1, n = 2337), 1994 to 2000 (cohort 2, n = 1759), and 2000 to 2006 (n = 905). Main Outcome Measures Parent report of a child having a health condition that limited activities or schooling or required medicine, special equipment, or specialized health services and that lasted at least 12 months. Obesity was defined as a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for age. Chronic conditions were grouped into 4 categories: obesity, asthma, other physical conditions, and behavior/learning problems. Results The end-study prevalence of any chronic health condition was 12.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.2%-14.5%) for cohort 1 in 1994, 25.1% (95% CI, 22.7%-27.6%) for cohort 2 in 2000, and 26.6% (95% CI, 23.5%-29.9%) for cohort 3 in 2006. There was substantial turnover in chronic conditions: 7.4% (95% CI, 6.5%-8.3%) of participants in all cohorts had a chronic condition at the beginning of the study that persisted to the end, 9.3% (95% CI, 8.3%-10.3%) reported conditions at the beginning that resolved within 6 years, and 13.4% (95% CI, 12.3%-14.6%) had new conditions that arose during the 6-year study period. The prevalence of having a chronic condition during any part of the 6-year study period was highest for cohort 3 (51.5%; 95% CI, 47.3%-55.0%), and there were higher rates among male (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.24; 95% CI, 1.07-1.42), Hispanic (AOR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.11-1.67), and black (AOR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.35-1.90) youth. Conclusions Prevalence of chronic conditions among children and youth increased from 1988 to 2006. However, presence of these conditions was dynamic over each 6-year cohort.
615 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an update of the 2003 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity, Insulin Resistance, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Risk in Children from the Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the young) and the Diabetes Committee (council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism).
Abstract: The present document is an update of the 2003 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity, Insulin Resistance, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Risk in Children from the Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young) and the Diabetes Committee (Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism).1 Since the writing of the above document, substantial new information has emerged in children on the clustering of obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, and other risk factors and their collective role in conveying heightened risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A constellation of these interrelated cardiovascular risk factors in adults has come to be known as the metabolic syndrome (MetS), a construct useful both in clinical and research areas. Most recently, the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute produced a consensus statement intended to provide up-to-date guidance on the diagnosis and management of the MetS in adults.2
The aim of this statement is to provide not a definition of the MetS but a set of fundamental questions about what the MetS means in a clinical or research setting. It calls attention to the fact that the stability of the MetS, especially for adolescents, is low, which raises questions about the utility of the MetS in a clinical context. For these reasons, we have focused on cardiometabolic risk factors and have called for the types of research that would hopefully provide much needed answers in this area. This statement aims to represent a balanced and critical appraisal of the strengths and weaknesses of the MetS concept in pediatric patients. It focuses on the pediatric issues related to cardiometabolic risk factors, primarily on the progress that has been made in recognizing the components of the MetS in children, …
612 citations
TL;DR: Current population-based policies that mandate increased physical activity in schools are unlikely to have a significant effect on the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity, according to a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Abstract: Background: The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing at an alarming rate. Many local governments have enacted policies to increase physical activity in schools as a way to combat childhood obesity. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of school-based physical activity interventions on body mass index (BMI) in children. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to September 2008. We also hand-searched relevant journals and article reference lists. We included randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials that had objective data for BMI from before and after the intervention, that involved school-based physical activity interventions and that lasted for a minimum of 6 months. Results: Of 398 potentially relevant articles that we identified, 18 studies involving 18 141 children met the inclusion criteria. The participants were primarily elementary school children. The study duration ranged from 6 months to 3 years. In 15 of these 18 studies, there was some type of co-intervention. Meta-analysis showed that BMI did not improve with physical activity interventions (weighted mean difference –0.05 kg/m 2 , 95% confidence interval –0.19 to 0.10). We found no consistent changes in other measures of body composition. Interpretation: School-based physical activity interventions did not improve BMI, although they had other beneficial health effects. Current population-based policies that mandate increased physical activity in schools are unlikely to have a significant effect on the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity.
489 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, an extension of generalized linear models to the analysis of longitudinal data is proposed, which gives consistent estimates of the regression parameters and of their variance under mild assumptions about the time dependence.
Abstract: SUMMARY This paper proposes an extension of generalized linear models to the analysis of longitudinal data. We introduce a class of estimating equations that give consistent estimates of the regression parameters and of their variance under mild assumptions about the time dependence. The estimating equations are derived without specifying the joint distribution of a subject's observations yet they reduce to the score equations for multivariate Gaussian outcomes. Asymptotic theory is presented for the general class of estimators. Specific cases in which we assume independence, m-dependence and exchangeable correlation structures from each subject are discussed. Efficiency of the proposed estimators in two simple situations is considered. The approach is closely related to quasi-likelih ood. Some key ironh: Estimating equation; Generalized linear model; Longitudinal data; Quasi-likelihood; Repeated measures.
17,111 citations
TL;DR: Observed trends in overweight prevalence and body mass index of the US adult population suggest that the Healthy People 2000 objective of reducing the prevalence of overweight US adults to no more than 20% may not be met by the year 2000.
Abstract: Objective. —To examine trends in overweight prevalence and body mass index of the US adult population. Design. —Nationally representative cross-sectional surveys with an in-person interview and a medical examination, including measurement of height and weight. Setting/Participants. —Between 6000 and 13000 adults aged 20 through 74 years examined in each of four separate national surveys during 1960 to 1962 (the first National Health Examination Survey [NHES I]), 1971 to 1974 (the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES I]), 1976 to 1980 (NHANESII), and 1988 to 1991 (NHANES III phase 1). Results. —In the period 1988 to 1991,33.4% of US adults 20 years of age or older were estimated to be overweight. Comparisons of the 1988 to 1991 overweight prevalence estimates with data from earlier surveys indicate dramatic increases in all race/sex groups. Overweight prevalence increased 8% between the 1976 to 1980 and 1988 to 1991 surveys. During this period, for adult men and women aged 20 through 74 years, mean body mass index increased from 25.3 to 26.3; mean body weight increased 3.6 kg. Conclusions. —These nationally representative data document a substantial increase in overweight among US adults and support the findings of other investigations that show notable increases in overweight during the past decade. These observations suggest that the Healthy People 2000 objective of reducing the prevalence of overweight US adults to no more than 20% may not be met by the year 2000. Understanding the reasons underlying the increase in the prevalence of overweight in the United States and elucidating the potential consequences in terms of morbidity and mortality present a challenge to our understanding of the etiology, treatment, and prevention of overweight. ( JAMA . 1994;272:205-211)
2,782 citations
TL;DR: Overweight in adolescence predicted a broad range of adverse health effects that were independent of adult weight after 55 years of follow-up and was a more powerful predictor of these risks than overweight in adulthood.
Abstract: Background. Overweight in adults is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In contrast, the long-term effect of overweight in adolescence on morbidity and mortality is not known. Methods. We studied the relation between overweight and morbidity and mortality in 508 lean or overweight adolescents 13 to 18 years old who participated in the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935. Overweight adolescents were defined as those with a body-mass index that on two occasions was greater than the 75th percentile in subjects of the same age and sex in a large national survey. Lean adolescents were defined as those with a body-mass index between the 25th and 50th percentiles. Subjects who were still alive were interviewed in 1988 to obtain information about their medical history, weight, functional capacity, and other risk factors. For those who had died, information on the cause of death was obtained from death certificates. Results. Overweight in adolescent subjects was associated with an increase...
2,260 citations
TL;DR: A J-shaped relation between body-mass index and overall mortality is observed and when women who had never smoked were examined separately, no increase in risk was observed among the leaner women, and a more direct relation between weight and mortality emerged.
Abstract: Background The relation between body weight and overall mortality remains controversial despite considerable investigation. Methods We examined the association between body-mass index (defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) and both overall mortality and mortality from specific causes in a cohort of 115,195 U.S. women enrolled in the prospective Nurses' Health Study. These women were 30 to 55 years of age and free of known cardiovascular disease and cancer in 1976. During 16 years of follow-up, we documented 4726 deaths, of which 881 were from cardiovascular disease, 2586 from cancer, and 1259 from other causes. Results In analyses adjusted only for age, we observed a J-shaped relation between body-mass index and overall mortality. When women who had never smoked were examined separately, no increase in risk was observed among the leaner women, and a more direct relation between weight and mortality emerged (P for trend < 0.001). In multivariate analyses of women...
1,974 citations
TL;DR: Although the correlations between anthropometric measures of obesity in childhood and those in adulthood varied considerably among studies, the associations were consistently positive and the risk of adult obesity was at least twice as high for obese children as for nonobese children.
1,952 citations