Predictive Accuracy of a Polygenic Risk Score-Enhanced Prediction Model vs a Clinical Risk Score for Coronary Artery Disease.
Joshua Elliott,Barbara Bodinier,Tom Bond,Marc Chadeau-Hyam,Evangelos Evangelou,Evangelos Evangelou,Karel G.M. Moons,Abbas Dehghan,David C. Muller,Paul Elliott,Paul Elliott,Ioanna Tzoulaki,Ioanna Tzoulaki +12 more
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The addition of a polygenic risk score for CAD to pooled cohort equations was associated with a statistically significant, yet modest, improvement in the predictive accuracy for incident CAD and improved risk stratification for only a small proportion of individuals.Abstract:
Importance The incremental value of polygenic risk scores in addition to well-established risk prediction models for coronary artery disease (CAD) is uncertain. Objective To examine whether a polygenic risk score for CAD improves risk prediction beyond pooled cohort equations. Design, Setting, and Participants Observational study of UK Biobank participants enrolled from 2006 to 2010. A case-control sample of 15 947 prevalent CAD cases and equal number of age and sex frequency–matched controls was used to optimize the predictive performance of a polygenic risk score for CAD based on summary statistics from published genome-wide association studies. A separate cohort of 352 660 individuals (with follow-up to 2017) was used to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the polygenic risk score, pooled cohort equations, and both combined for incident CAD. Exposures Polygenic risk score for CAD, pooled cohort equations, and both combined. Main Outcomes and Measures CAD (myocardial infarction and its related sequelae). Discrimination, calibration, and reclassification using a risk threshold of 7.5% were assessed. Results In the cohort of 352 660 participants (mean age, 55.9 years; 205 297 women [58.2%]) used to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the examined models, there were 6272 incident CAD events over a median of 8 years of follow-up. CAD discrimination for polygenic risk score, pooled cohort equations, and both combined resulted in C statistics of 0.61 (95% CI, 0.60 to 0.62), 0.76 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.77), and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.77 to 0.79), respectively. The change in C statistic between the latter 2 models was 0.02 (95% CI, 0.01 to 0.03). Calibration of the models showed overestimation of risk by pooled cohort equations, which was corrected after recalibration. Using a risk threshold of 7.5%, addition of the polygenic risk score to pooled cohort equations resulted in a net reclassification improvement of 4.4% (95% CI, 3.5% to 5.3%) for cases and −0.4% (95% CI, −0.5% to −0.4%) for noncases (overall net reclassification improvement, 4.0% [95% CI, 3.1% to 4.9%]). Conclusions and Relevance The addition of a polygenic risk score for CAD to pooled cohort equations was associated with a statistically significant, yet modest, improvement in the predictive accuracy for incident CAD and improved risk stratification for only a small proportion of individuals. The use of genetic information over the pooled cohort equations model warrants further investigation before clinical implementation.read more
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Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association.
Salim S. Virani,Alvaro Alonso,Hugo J. Aparicio,Emelia J. Benjamin,Márcio Sommer Bittencourt,Clifton W. Callaway,April P. Carson,Alanna M. Chamberlain,Susan Cheng,Francesca N. Delling,Mitchell S.V. Elkind,Kelly R. Evenson,Jane F. Ferguson,Deepak K. Gupta,Sadiya S. Khan,Brett M. Kissela,Kristen L. Knutson,Chong D. Lee,Tené T. Lewis,Junxiu Liu,Matthew Shane Loop,Pamela L. Lutsey,Jun Ma,Jason Mackey,Seth S. Martin,David B. Matchar,Michael E. Mussolino,Sankar D. Navaneethan,Amanda M. Perak,Gregory A. Roth,Zainab Samad,Gary Satou,Emily B. Schroeder,Svati H. Shah,Christina M. Shay,Andrew Stokes,Lisa B. VanWagner,Nae Yuh Wang,Connie W. Tsao +38 more
TL;DR: The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascul...
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2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice
Frank L.J. Visseren,François Mach,Yvo M. Smulders,David Carballo,Konstantinos C. Koskinas,Maria Bäck,Athanase Benetos,Alessandro Biffi,José-Manuel Boavida,Davide Capodanno,Bernard Cosyns,Carolyn Crawford,Constantinos H. Davos,Ileana Desormais,Emanuele Di Angelantonio,Oscar H. Franco,Sigrun Halvorsen,FD Richard Hobbs,Monika Hollander,Ewa A. Jankowska,Matthias Michal,Simona Sacco,Naveed Sattar,Lale Tokgozoglu,Serena Tonstad,Konstantinos P Tsioufis,Ineke van Dis,Isabelle C. Van Gelder,Christoph Wanner,Bryan Williams,Guy De Backer,Vera Regitz-Zagrosek,Anne Hege Aamodt,Magdy Abdelhamid,Victor Aboyans,Christian Albus,Riccardo Asteggiano,Magnus Bäck,Michael A. Borger,Carlos Brotons,Jelena Čelutkienė,Renata Cifkova,Maja Čikeš,Francesco Cosentino,Nikolaos Dagres,Tine De Backer,Dirk De Bacquer,Victoria Delgado,Hester Den Ruijter,Paul Dendale,Heinz Drexel,Volkmar Falk,Laurent Fauchier,Brian A. Ference,Jean Ferrières,Marc Ferrini,Miles Fisher,Danilo Fliser,Zlatko Fras,Dan Gaita,Simona Giampaoli,Stephan Gielen,Ian D. Graham,Catriona Jennings,Torben Jørgensen,Alexandra Kautzky-Willer,Maryam Kavousi,Wolfgang Koenig,Aleksandra Konradi,Dipak Kotecha,Ulf Landmesser,Madalena Lettino,Basil S. Lewis,Aleš Linhart,Maja-Lisa Løchen,Konstantinos Makrilakis,Giuseppe Mancia,Pedro Marques-Vidal,John W. McEvoy,Paul McGreavy,Béla Merkely,Lis Neubeck,Jens Cosedis Nielsen,Joep Perk,Steffen E. Petersen,Anna Sonia Petronio,Massimo F Piepoli,Nana Pogosova,Eva Prescott,Kausik K. Ray,Zeljko Reiner,Dimitrios J. Richter,Lars Rydén,Evgeny Shlyakhto,Marta Sitges,Miguel Sousa-Uva,Isabella Sudano,Monica Tiberi,Rhian M. Touyz,Andrea Ungar,W. M. Monique Verschuren,Olov Wiklund,David A. Wood,José Luis Zamorano,Carolyn A Crawford,Oscar H Franco Duran +105 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
TL;DR: The American Heart Association, through its Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update as discussed by the authors .
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2016 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice
Piepoli Adgdtmf.,Arno W. Hoes,Stefan Agewall,Christian Albus,Carlos Brotons,Alberico L. Catapano,Marie-Therese Cooney,Ugo Corrà,Bernard Cosyns,Christi Deaton,Ian D. Graham,Michael Stephen Hall,Hobbs Fdr.,Maja-Lisa Løchen,Herbert Löllgen,Pedro Marques-Vidal,Joep Perk,Eva Prescott,Josep Redon,Dimitrios J. Richter,Naveed Sattar,Y.M. Smulders,Monica Tiberi,H B van der Worp,I van Dis,Verschuren Wmm.,Binno Cas.,Backer Rddgd.,Marco Roffi,Victor Aboyans,Norbert Bachl,Héctor Bueno,Scipione Carerj,Leslie Cho,John Cox,Johan De Sutter,Günther Egidi,Miles Fisher,Donna Fitzsimons,Oscar H. Franco,Maxime Guenoun,C Jennings,Borut Jug,Paulus Kirchhof,Kornelia Kotseva,Lip Gyh.,François Mach,Giuseppe Mancia,Franz Martin Bermudo,Alessandro Mezzani,Alexander Niessner,Piotr Ponikowski,Bernhard Rauch,Lars Rydén,Adrienne Stauder,Guillaume Turc,Olov Wiklund,Stephan Windecker,José Luis Zamorano +58 more
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The changing landscape of atherosclerosis.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the evidence and discuss its implications for understanding of atherosclerosis, and examine its implications in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. But they do not discuss the role of the bone marrow in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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TL;DR: The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016 as discussed by the authors, which includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends.
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Evaluating the yield of medical tests
TL;DR: The treadmill exercise test is shown to provide surprisingly little prognostic information beyond that obtained from basic clinical measurements.
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Kennedy,Andrey Khrunin,Yunjung Kim,Janis Klovins,James A. Knowles,Bettina Konte,Vaidutis Kučinskas,Zita Ausrele Kucinskiene,Hana Kuzelova-Ptackova,Anna K. Kähler,Claudine Laurent,Jimmy Lee Chee Keong,S. Hong Lee,Sophie E. Legge,Bernard Lerer,Miaoxin Li,Tao Li,Kung Yee Liang,Jeffrey A. Lieberman,Svetlana A. Limborska,Carmel M. Loughland,Jan Lubinski,Jouko K. Lnnqvist,Milan Macek,Patrik K. E. Magnusson,Brion S. Maher,Wolfgang Maier,Jacques Mallet,Sara Marsal,Manuel Mattheisen,Morten Mattingsdal,Robert W. McCarley,Colm McDonald,Andrew M. McIntosh,Sandra Meier,Carin J. Meijer,Béla Melegh,Ingrid Melle,Raquelle I. Mesholam-Gately,Andres Metspalu,Patricia T. Michie,Lili Milani,Vihra Milanova,Younes Mokrab,Derek W. Morris,Ole Mors,Preben Bo Mortensen,Kieran C. Murphy,Robin M. Murray,Inez Myin-Germeys,Bertram Mller-Myhsok,Mari Nelis,Igor Nenadic,Deborah A. Nertney,Gerald Nestadt,Kristin K. Nicodemus,Liene Nikitina-Zake,Laura Nisenbaum,Annelie Nordin,Eadbhard O'Callaghan,Colm O'Dushlaine,F. Anthony O'Neill,Sang Yun Oh,Ann Olincy,Line Olsen,Jim van Os,Christos Pantelis,George N. Papadimitriou,Sergi Papiol,Elena Parkhomenko,Michele T. Pato,Tiina Paunio,Milica Pejovic-Milovancevic,Diana O. Perkins,Olli Pietilinen,Jonathan Pimm,Andrew Pocklington,John Powell,Alkes Price,Ann E. Pulver,Shaun Purcell,Digby Quested,Henrik B. Rasmussen,Abraham Reichenberg,Mark Reimers,Alexander Richards,Joshua L. Roffman,Panos Roussos,Douglas M. Ruderfer,Veikko Salomaa,Alan R. Sanders,Ulrich Schall,Christian Schubert,Thomas G. Schulze,Sibylle G. Schwab,Edward M. Scolnick,Rodney J. Scott,Larry J. Seidman,Jianxin Shi,Engilbert Sigurdsson,Teimuraz Silagadze,Jeremy M. Silverman,Kang Sim,Petr Slominsky,Jordan W. Smoller,Hon-Cheong So,Chris C. A. Spencer,Eli A. Stahl,Hreinn Stefansson,Stacy Steinberg,Elisabeth Stögmann,Richard E. Straub,Eric Strengman,Jana Strohmaier,T. Scott Stroup,Mythily Subramaniam,Jaana Suvisaari,Dragan M. Svrakic,Jin P. Szatkiewicz,Erik Sderman,Srinivas Thirumalai,Draga Toncheva,Paul A. Tooney,Sarah Tosato,Juha Veijola,John L. Waddington,Dermot Walsh,Dai Wang,Qiang Wang,Bradley T. Webb,Mark Weiser,Dieter B. Wildenauer,Nigel Williams,Stephanie Williams,Stephanie H. Witt,Aaron R. Wolen,Emily H. M. Wong,Brandon Wormley,Jing Qin Wu,Hualin Simon Xi,Clement C. Zai,Xuebin Zheng,Fritz Zimprich,Naomi R. Wray,Kari Stefansson,Peter M. Visscher,Rolf Adolfsson,Ole A. Andreassen,Douglas Blackwood,Elvira Bramon,Joseph D. Buxbaum,Anders D. Børglum,Sven Cichon,Ariel Darvasi,Enrico Domenici,Hannelore Ehrenreich,Tõnu Esko,Pablo V. Gejman,Michael Gill,Hugh Gurling,Christina M. Hultman,Nakao Iwata,Assen Jablensky,Erik G. Jönsson,Kenneth S. Kendler,George Kirov,Jo Knight,Todd Lencz,Douglas F. Levinson,Qingqin S. Li,Jianjun Liu,Anil K. Malhotra,Steven A. McCarroll,Andrew McQuillin,Jennifer L. Moran,Bryan J. Mowry,Markus M. Nthen,Roel A. Ophoff,Michael John Owen,A. Palotie,Carlos N. Pato,Tracey L. Petryshen,Danielle Posthuma,Marcella Rietschel,Brien P. Riley,Dan Rujescu,Pak C. Sham,Pamela Sklar,David St Clair,Daniel R. Weinberger,Jens R. Wendland,Thomas Werge,Mark J. Daly,Patrick F. Sullivan,Michael Conlon O'Donovan,Peter Kraft,David J. Hunter,Muriel A. Adank,Habibul Ahsan,Kristiina Aittomäki,Laura Baglietto,Sonja I. Berndt,Carl Blomquist,Federico Canzian,Jenny Chang-Claude,Stephen J. Chanock,Laura Crisponi,Kamila Czene,Norbert Dahmen,Isabel dos Santos Silva,Douglas F. Easton,A. Heather Eliassen,Jonine D. Figueroa,Olivia Fletcher,Montserrat Garcia-Closas,Mia M. Gaudet,Lorna Gibson,Christopher A. Haiman,Per Hall,Aditi Hazra,Rebecca Hein,Brian E. Henderson,Albert Hofman,John L. Hopper,Astrid Irwanto,Mattias Johansson,Rudolf Kaaks,Muhammad G. Kibriya,Peter Lichtner,Eiliv Lund,Enes Makalic,Alfons Meindl,Hanne Meijers-Heijboer,Bertram Müller-Myhsok,Taru A. Muranen,Heli Nevanlinna,Petra H.M. Peeters,Julian Peto,Ross L. Prentice,Nazneen Rahman,María José Sánchez,Daniel F. Schmidt,Rita K. Schmutzler,Melissa C. Southey,Rulla M. Tamimi,Ruth C. Travis,Clare Turnbull,André G. Uitterlinden,Rob B. van der Luijt,Quinten Waisfisz,Zhaoming Wang,Alice S. Whittemore,Rose Yang,Wei Zheng,Wei Zheng,Sekar Kathiresan,Michele T. Pato,Carlos N. Pato,E Stahl,Noah Zaitlen,Bogdan Pasaniuc,Gillian M. Belbin,Eimear E. Kenny,Mikkel H. Schierup,Phillip L. De Jager,Nikolaos A. Patsopoulos,Steve McCarroll,Mark J. Daly,Shaun M. Purcell,Daniel I. Chasman,Benjamin M. Neale,Michael E. Goddard,Nick Patterson,Alkes L. Price +394 more