Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: Conceptual Issues and Research Evidence
01 Aug 2013-Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity (American Psychological Association (APA))-Vol. 1, Iss: 20130800, pp 3-26
TL;DR: In this article, the prevalence of mental disorders in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) was investigated using meta-analyses and it was shown that LGBs have a higher prevalence than heterosexuals.
Abstract: In this article the author reviews research evidence on the prevalence of mental disorders in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) and shows, using meta-analyses, that LGBs have a higher prevalence of mental disorders than heterosexuals. The author offers a conceptual framework for understanding
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TL;DR: This work provides illustrative evidence on the health consequences of stigma and presents a conceptual framework describing the psychological and structural pathways through which stigma influences health.
Abstract: Bodies of research pertaining to specific stigmatized statuses have typically developed in separate domains and have focused on single outcomes at 1 level of analysis, thereby obscuring the full significance of stigma as a fundamental driver of population health. Here we provide illustrative evidence on the health consequences of stigma and present a conceptual framework describing the psychological and structural pathways through which stigma influences health. Because of its pervasiveness, its disruption of multiple life domains (e.g., resources, social relationships, and coping behaviors), and its corrosive impact on the health of populations, stigma should be considered alongside the other major organizing concepts for research on social determinants of population health.
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TL;DR: It is concluded that racial inequalities in health endure primarily because racism is a fundamental cause of racial differences in SES and because SES is afundamental cause of health inequalities.
Abstract: We previously proposed that socioeconomic status (SES) is a fundamental cause of health inequalities and, as such, that SES inequalities in health persist over time despite radical changes in the diseases, risks, and interventions that happen to produce them at any given time. Like SES, race in the United States has an enduring connection to health and mortality. Our goals here are to evaluate whether this connection endures because systemic racism is a fundamental cause of health inequalities and, in doing so, to review a wide range of empirical data regarding racial differences in health outcomes, health risks, and health-enhancing resources such as money, knowledge, power, prestige, freedom, and beneficial social connections. We conclude that racial inequalities in health endure primarily because racism is a fundamental cause of racial differences in SES and because SES is a fundamental cause of health inequalities. In addition to these powerful connections, however, there is evidence that racism, larg...
781 citations
TL;DR: In 2014, the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) appointed a committee to revise the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCC) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In 2014, the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) appointed a committee to revise the Multicultural Counseling Competencies developed by Sue, Arredondo, and McDavis in 1992 and operationalized by Arredondo et al. in 1996. This article reflects the updated competencies, titled the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCC; Ratts, Singh, Nassar-McMillan, Butler, & McCullough, 2015a), which were endorsed by AMCD on June 29, 2015, and by the American Counseling Association on July 20, 2015. A conceptual framework of the MSJCC visually depicts the relationships among the competencies' key constructs: multicultural and social justice praxis, quadrants, domains, and competencies. Implications are discussed.
En 2014, la Asociacion para la Consejeria y el Desarrollo Multicultural (AMCD, en sus siglas en ingles) formo un comite para revisar las Competencias en Consejeria Multicultural desarrolladas por Sue, Arredondo y McDavis en 1992 y operacionalizadas por Arredondo et al. en 1996. Este articulo refleja las competencias actualizadas, denominadas Competencias en Consejeria Multicultural y de Justicia Social (MSJCC, en sus siglas en ingles; Ratts, Singh, Nassar-McMillan, Butler, & McCullough, 2015a), que fueron avaladas por la AMCD el 29 de junio de 2015 y por la Asociacion Americana de Consejeria el 20 de julio de 2015. Un marco conceptual de las MSJCC muestra visualmente las relaciones entre los constructos principales de las competencias: la praxis multicultural y en justicia social, los cuadrantes, dominios y competencias. Se discuten las implicaciones.
719 citations
Cites background from "Prejudice, Social Stress, and Menta..."
...Scholars have used the term minority stress (Meyer, 1995, 2003) to refer to the process of how societal oppression and stigma that members of historically marginalized groups experience lead to negative health outcomes (Díaz, Ayala, & Bein, 2004)....
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TL;DR: Tailored interventions are needed to address the health disparities and unique health needs of LGB older adults and to assess subgroup differences within these communities.
Abstract: Objectives. We investigated health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults aged 50 years and older.Methods. We analyzed data from the 2003–2010 Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 96 992) on health outcomes, chronic conditions, access to care, behaviors, and screening by gender and sexual orientation with adjusted logistic regressions.Results. LGB older adults had higher risk of disability, poor mental health, smoking, and excessive drinking than did heterosexuals. Lesbians and bisexual women had higher risk of cardiovascular disease and obesity, and gay and bisexual men had higher risk of poor physical health and living alone than did heterosexuals. Lesbians reported a higher rate of excessive drinking than did bisexual women; bisexual men reported a higher rate of diabetes and a lower rate of being tested for HIV than did gay men.Conclusions. Tailored interventions are needed to address the health disparities and unique health needs of LGB older adults. Res...
704 citations
TL;DR: The Gender Minority Stress and Resilience (GMSR) measure was developed grounded on Meyer's minority stress model, and adjusted to reflect the experiences of TGNC populations based on TGNC literature and archival data from TGNC focus groups as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Researchers currently lack a reliable and valid means of assessing minority stress and resilience factors in transgender and gender-nonconforming (TGNC) people. This study was conducted to develop and evaluate the validity of a tool to better assess these constructs in TGNC populations. The Gender Minority Stress and Resilience (GMSR) measure was developed grounded on Meyer’s minority stress model, and adjusted to reflect the experiences of TGNC populations based on TGNC literature and archival data from TGNC focus groups. The final GMSR includes scales assessing 9 constructs: gender-related discrimination, gender-related rejection, gender-related victimization, nonaffirmation of gender identity, internalized transphobia, negative expectations for future events, nondisclosure, community connectedness, and pride. In the current study, 844 participants completed the GMSR measure as well as measures related to mental health, general life stress, and social support. Results indicated good model fit, criterion validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity for the 9 hypothesized scales. Discriminant validity for the scales were also partially supported. Overall, the current study offers preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the GMSR Measure for use with TGNC populations. The GMSR Measure has several uses for both research and clinical purposes, including increasing understanding of the experiences and correlates of gender minority stress and resilience factors and assessing whether specific therapies or interventions are helpful in reducing risk and supporting resilience in TGNC populations.
594 citations
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TL;DR: The Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity (PSOGD) as discussed by the authors is the first journal published by the American Psychological Association (APA) to address the issues related to gender diversity and sexual orientation.
Abstract: It is with excitement and great expectations that the Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues—Division 44 of the American Psychological Association—launches its flagship journal, Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity (PSOGD). As President of the Society, I have the distinct honor of presenting this first issue. To be sure, though, there were many individuals whose efforts led to this momentous occasion. As John Gonsiorek, the Founding Editor of PSOGD, has articulated in these pages, the Society had deliberated the notion of a journal for many years, with crucial input from a host of members over more than two decades, including many of the luminaries of the Society. Of utmost importance to all who were involved was ensuring that any journal published by the Society would be of the highest quality possible. I believe that when you read this first issue, you will agree with me that this goal is now being achieved. What will unfold over the next several issues is the collective vision of those who have participated in planning for PSOGD. You will find a combination of empirical and theoretical articles, as well as ongoing thoughtful dialog about the topics and concerns raised in these articles. The Society’s aim for PSOGD is that it be a sort of crucible for developing, testing and refining our understanding of the psychological issues related to gender diversity and sexual orientation. In addition, we hope that this better understanding will then be applied to improve health care, refine education and strengthen advocacy efforts. I wish to express my heartfelt appreciation for the outstanding efforts of our Founding Editor, John Gonsiorek. He has mentioned that this first issue was completed on a tight timeframe. What is truly amazing is that he assembled a distinguished editorial board, obtained a healthy number of high-quality manuscripts, and produced a first issue in barely more than a year. Kudos!
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