Preliminary investigation of foot pressure distribution variation in men and women adults while standing
TL;DR: There was variation in plantar pressure distribution because the contact area of the men foot was larger than that of women foot, which can provide suitable guidelines to biomedical engineers and doctor for designing orthotic devices for reliving the area of excessively high pressure.
About: This article is published in The Foot.The article was published on 2011-09-01. It has received 33 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Foot (unit) & Orthotic device.
Citations
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TL;DR: Individuals with low arch feet could be at high risk for mid-foot collapse and Charcot foot problems, indicating that foot type should be assessed when determining an individual’s risk for foot injury.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore how foot type affects plantar pressure distribution during standing. In this study, 32 healthy subjects voluntarily participated and the subject feet were classified as: normal feet (n = 23), flat feet (n = 14) and high arch feet (n = 27) according to arch index (AI) values obtained from foot pressure intensity image analysis. Foot pressure intensity images were acquired by a pedopowergraph system to obtain a foot pressure distribution parameter-power ratio (PR) during standing in eight different regions of the foot. Contact area and mean PR were analysed in hind foot, mid-foot and fore foot regions. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine statistical differences between groups. The contact area and mean PR value beneath the mid-foot was significantly increased in the low arch foot when compared to the normal arch foot and high arch foot (p < 0.001) in both feet. However, subjects with low-arch feet had significantly higher body mass index (BMI) comp...
34 citations
Cites methods from "Preliminary investigation of foot p..."
...In contrast to the information that is available on examining plantar pressure distribution patterns during walking, very few studies have examine plantar pressure distribution patterns during standing [4,7,18,19]....
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...Plantar pressure distribution measurements were quantitatively recorded using a PedoPowerGraph system [19,34]....
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TL;DR: Factors such as the gender, age, body weight, foot type and footwear proved to have a significant effect on plantar pressure distribution of the foot and the reliability of the measurement.
Abstract: Introduction In clinical practice and within the scope of research studies, foot pressure distribution as measured by plantar pressure analysis is widely used to diagnose foot pathologies. Although plantar pressure data have been recognized as an important element in the assessment of patients with various foot problems, an in-depth knowledge of the plantar pressure distribution of the foot is lacking in literatures. Aim This article presents a review of literature on plantar pressure distribution and factors that may affect plantar pressure among patients with foot pathologies and healthy population. Material and methods A literature search was conducted in Science Direct and PubMed databases for articles published from January 2000 to August 2012. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and other keywords for search were plantar pressure, age, body weight, gender, reliability, instrument and healthy subjects. Results and discussion This paper reviews on the factors influencing plantar pressure distribution. Factors such as the gender, age, body weight, foot type and footwear proved to have a significant effect on plantar pressure distribution of the foot. The paper also reports on the plantar pressure distribution of the foot and the reliability of the measurement. Studies were excluded from this narrative review if they did not meet the above criteria. Conclusions This review has added sufficient knowledge on plantar pressure distribution of the foot in clinical practice. Data obtained from a plantar pressure distribution can be used by the physical therapist in the evaluation and management of patients with a wide variety of foot and lower extremity disorders.
29 citations
TL;DR: Interestingly females tended to increase their toe and forefoot plantar pressures compared to males by increasing age, suggesting that gender and age impact on toes plantar pressure alterations in early adolescence may be a possible risk factor for further foot impairments.
25 citations
TL;DR: The present study has demonstrated, for the first time among Ghanaian subjects, the utility and reliability of sex determination standards developed from footprint dimensions, and provides the baseline for elaborated studies in the future.
Abstract: The present study sought to verify the utility and reliability of footprint dimensions in sex determination in a Ghanaian population. Bilateral footprints were obtained from 126 Ghanaian students (66 males and 60 females) aged 18–30 years at Koforidua Polytechnic using an ink pad and white papers. Seven dimensions–length of each toe (designated T1-T5) from the most anterior point of the toe to the mid-rear heel point, breadth at ball (BAB) and breadth at heel (BAH)–and the heel-ball (HB) index were obtained from each footprint. Some footprint dimensions (i.e. T2, T3, T4 and T5) showed statistically significant bilateral asymmetry in males only. All the footprint dimensions, except HB index, were significantly greater in males than females (p<0.001). Applied singly in discriminant function analysis, the footprint dimensions allowed 69.8%-80.3% of cases to be correctly classified into their sex groups; the accuracy of sex classification was higher using left footprints than right footprints. With all dimensions subjected to stepwise discriminant function analysis 80.3% and 77% of cases could be correctly classified, combining both T5 and BAH for left footprints and T1, BAB and BAH for left footprints respectively. The present study has demonstrated, for the first time among Ghanaian subjects, the utility and reliability of sex determination standards developed from footprint dimensions. The results thus provide the baseline for elaborated studies in the future.
22 citations
Cites background or result from "Preliminary investigation of foot p..."
...Studies have shown that contact area at any region of the plantar surface of the foot is greater in men than in women [9,10]....
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...Sex differences in foot morphology and contact area imply sex differences in plantar pressure distribution, although empirical results are inconsistent [9,10]....
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TL;DR: A modular framework is proposed that automatically recognizes and configures new devices and provides real-time data wirelessly and creates a Digital Twin of the physical device and mirrors its attributes and sensory information into the cyber world so they can be used in real- time and post-routine analysis.
Abstract: Several recent studies in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) focus on monitoring human movement and capturing data for further processing and analysis. However, there is a lack of studies that address the configurability and modularity of these systems, which is important for designing customized systems with customized devices. We propose a solution to solve this through a modular framework that automatically recognizes and configures new devices and provides real-time data wirelessly. The proposed framework creates a Digital Twin of the physical device and mirrors its attributes and sensory information into the cyber world so they can be used in real-time and post-routine analysis. As a proof of concept, a configurable CPS model for physical activities monitoring is designed and implemented. The designed gait monitoring and analysis system delivers spatiotemporal data from multiple multi-sensory devices to a central data handling and backup cloud server over conventional IEEE802.11 Wi-Fi. An experiment involving a young athlete examined whether or not the CPS components would recognize each other over foreign networks and communicate accurate information.
14 citations
References
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TL;DR: The plantar pressure distributions for a large heterogeneous sample of feet were collected during barefoot standing using a capacitance mat and showed that the heel carried 60%, the midfoot 8%, and the forefoot 28% of the weightbearing load.
Abstract: The plantar pressure distributions for a large heterogeneous sample of feet (N = 107) were collected during barefoot standing using a capacitance mat. From these data, the function of the foot during standing was characterized. Peak pressures under the heel (139 kPa) were, on average, 2.6 times greater than forefoot pressures (53 kPa). Forefoot peak pressures were usually located under the second or third metatarsal heads. No significant relationship was found between body weight and the magnitude of peak pressure. The concepts of a transverse arch at the level of the metatarsal heads and a "tripod" theory of load distribution were not substantiated by this study. Load distribution analysis showed that the heel carried 60%, the midfoot 8%, and the forefoot 28% of the weightbearing load. The toes were only minimally involved in the weightbearing process. Examples of unusual distributions are shown; finally, a checklist is provided to aid the clinician in evaluating plantar pressure findings.
369 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that, in normal subjects, only about 35% of the variance in dynamic plantar pressure can be explained by the measurements of foot structure derived from radiographs, which implies that the dynamics of gait are likely to exert the major influences on plantar Pressure during walking.
321 citations
"Preliminary investigation of foot p..." refers background in this paper
...Plantar pressure has been examined mostly during dult walking [6]....
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...Little information is available about the function f the foot in standing [6,7]....
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TL;DR: This study demonstrates that female feet and legs are not simply scaled-down versions of male feet but rather differ in a number of shape characteristics, particularly at the arch, the lateral side of the foot, the first toe, and the ball of the Foot.
Abstract: WUNDERLICH, R. E., and P. R. CAVANAGH. Gender differences in adult foot shape: implications for shoe design. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 4, 2001, pp. 605–611. Purpose:To analyze gender differences in foot shape in a large sample of young individuals. Methods:Univariate t-tests and multivar
250 citations
TL;DR: The Emed ST4 system was found to be repeatable and the ranges of the parameters documented can be applied in orthopaedic clinics as part of the assessment of pathological conditions.
153 citations
Additional excerpts
...Plantar pressure analysis has been used in various studies to etect foot pathologies [1–4]....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is concluded that subjects with high plantar pressures and wounds greater than 8 cm2 took significantly longer to heal when uniformly treated with TCC.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to describe the progression of ulcer healing using total contact casts (TCC) and to examine explanatory variables that may influence ulcer healing We prospectively studied 25 diabetics with grade I (Meggitt-Wagner) plantar ulcers All subjects received weekly contact cast changes with wound assessment Following healing, all subjects were fitted with prescription shoe gear Mean duration of casting until healing was 388 +/- 213 days Individuals with pressures over 99 N/cm2 took longer to heal (331 +/- 130 vs 534 +/- 314 days, P = 005) and had longer ulcer duration prior to treatment (527 +/- 372 vs 1807 +/- 1450 days, P = 002) Subjects with wound size greater than 8 cm2 took longer to heal (502 +/- 262 vs 299 +/- 106 days, P = 002) We conclude that subjects with high plantar pressures and wounds greater than 8 cm2 took significantly longer to heal when uniformly treated with TCC
131 citations