Preparation and characterization of chitosan-treated alginate microparticles incorporating all-trans retinoic acid.
TL;DR: The results of in vitro retention studies showed that chitosan treated alginate microparticles decreased the drug retention in the stratum corneum, but maintained the ATRA concentration in the deeper skin layers, where occur the pathologies treated with ATRA.
Abstract: Chitosan treated alginate microparticles were prepared with the purpose of incorporating all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) using an inexpensive, simple and fast method, enhancing dermal localization and sustaining the release of ATRA into the skin. Microparticles characterization, drug-polymer interaction, release profile and in vitro skin retention were investigated. Microparticles presented spherical shape and drug loading capacity of 47%. The drug content of these microparticles was affected by ATRA concentration and by the solvent used and it was more weakly affected by chitosan concentration. The release of ATRA was also affected by chitosan concentration. Microparticles prepared with 0.4% chitosan (w/w) resulted in drug release with a more sustained profile. The results of in vitro retention studies showed that chitosan treated alginate microparticles decreased the drug retention in the stratum corneum (SC), where occur the skin irritation, but maintained the ATRA concentration in the deeper skin layers, where occur the pathologies treated with ATRA. Then, the microparticles developed in this work can be a good candidate to improve the topical therapy with retinoid.
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TL;DR: This review will provide a comprehensive overview of general properties of alginate and its hydrogels, their biomedical applications, and suggest new perspectives for future studies with these polymers.
5,372 citations
Cites background from "Preparation and characterization of..."
...Chitosan-treated alginate microparticles containing all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) have also been shown to enhance dermal localization and achieved the sustained release of ATRA into the skin [71]....
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TL;DR: The results obtained showed that the alginate/chitosan microparticles represent an efficient system for the controlled-release of RIF, and the dissolution efficiencies were similar for both formulations.
88 citations
TL;DR: The advances that have been made, new strategies and as well as possible challenges of particular systems of chitosan used in topical drug delivery, including challenging innovations in topical usage of these systems that can make significant impact on clinical practice are described.
Abstract: Introduction: Topical drug delivery offers important benefits for improving the therapeutic effect and reducing systemic side effects of the administered compounds. In addition, utilization of biopolymeric material-based systems can play a key role in developing new topical dosage forms and their applications. This review describes the advances that have been made, new strategies and as well as possible challenges of particular systems of chitosan used in topical drug delivery, including challenging innovations in topical usage of these systems that can make significant impact on clinical practice. Areas covered: The main area covered is hypothesis that particulate carriers based on chitosan and its derivatives can penetrate the topical barriers from the body. For this reason, the novel studies described emphasize the fact that chitosan-based particular systems are popular that can be tailor-made according to in vitro and in vivo characterization. Such parameters, which are known to influence their in viv...
85 citations
Cites background from "Preparation and characterization of..."
...and showed that microparticles sustained the release of retinoic acid and improved the topical delivery of drug since microparticles delivered retinoic acid preferentially in deeper layers of the skin [80]....
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TL;DR: Results indicated that SLN-ATRA surrounded in chitosan films are a promising candidate to treat diabetic wounds, improving tissue healing and promoting wound healing in a diabetic mouse model.
47 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the role of alginates in advanced wound-dressing forms with a particular emphasis on hydrogels, nanofibers networks, 3D-scaffolds or sponges entrapping fibroblasts, keratinocytes, or drugs to be released on the woundbed is explored.
Abstract: Chronic wounds represent a major public health issue, with an extremely high cost worldwide. In healthy individuals, the wound healing process takes place in different stages: inflammation, cell proliferation (fibroblasts and keratinocytes of the dermis), and finally remodeling of the extracellular matrix (equilibrium between metalloproteinases and their inhibitors). In chronic wounds, the chronic inflammation favors exudate persistence and bacterial film has a special importance in the dynamics of chronic inflammation in wounds that do not heal. Recent advances in biopolymer-based materials for wound healing highlight the performance of specific alginate forms. An ideal wound dressing should be adherent to the wound surface and not to the wound bed, it should also be non-antigenic, biocompatible, semi-permeable, biodegradable, elastic but resistant, and cost-effective. It has to give protection against bacterial, infectious, mechanical, and thermal agents, to modulate the level of wound moisture, and to entrap and deliver drugs or other molecules This paper explores the roles of alginates in advanced wound-dressing forms with a particular emphasis on hydrogels, nanofibers networks, 3D-scaffolds or sponges entrapping fibroblasts, keratinocytes, or drugs to be released on the wound-bed. The latest research reports are presented and supported with in vitro and in vivo studies from the current literature.
47 citations
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TL;DR: This review presents the most outstanding contributions in the field of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles used as drug delivery systems from 1990 through mid-2000.
3,284 citations
TL;DR: The present review outlines the major new findings on the pharmaceutical applications of chitosan-based micro/nanoparticulate drug delivery systems published over the past decade and discusses critically the usefulness of these systems in delivering the bioactive molecules.
2,314 citations
TL;DR: By selection of the type of alginate and coating agent, the pore size, degradation rate, and ultimately release kinetics can be controlled.
1,605 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that elevated metalloprotein-ases, resulting from activation of AP-1 and NF-KB by low-dose solar irradiation, degrade collagen and elastin in skin, which would result in solar scars, which through accumulation from a lifetime of repeated low- dose sunlight exposure could cause premature skin ageing (photoageing).
Abstract: DAMAGE to skin collagen and elastin (extracellular matrix) is the hallmark of long-term exposure to solar ultraviolet irradiation1–3, and is believed to be responsible for the wrinkled appearance of sun-exposed skin4,5. We report here that matrix-degrading metalloproteinase messenger RNAs, proteins and activities are induced in human skin in vivo within hours of exposure to ultraviolet-B irradiation (UVB). Induction of metalloproteinase proteins and activities occurred at UVB doses well below those that cause skin reddening. Within minutes, low-dose UVB upregulated the transcription factors AP-1 and NF-KB, which are known to be stimulators of metalloproteinase genes6,7. All-transretinoic acid, which transrepresses AP-1 (ref. 8), applied before irradiation with UVB, substantially reduced AP-1 and metalloproteinase induction. We propose that elevated metalloprotein-ases, resulting from activation of AP-1 and NF-KB by low-dose solar irradiation, degrade collagen and elastin in skin. Such damage, if imperfectly repaired, would result in solar scars, which through accumulation from a lifetime of repeated low-dose sunlight exposure could cause premature skin ageing (photoageing).
1,283 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the potential use of polymeric nanoparticles as carriers for a wide range of drugs for therapeutic applications, including cancer therapy and controlled delivery of vaccines.
Abstract: Throughout the world today, numerous researchers are exploring the potential use of polymeric nanoparticles as carriers for a wide range of drugs for therapeutic applications. Because of their versatility and wide range of properties, biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles are being used as novel drug delivery systems. In particular, this class of carrier holds tremendous promise in the areas of cancer therapy and controlled delivery of vaccines.
1,245 citations