Pressure Distribution under Symptom-Free Feet during Barefoot Standing
TL;DR: The plantar pressure distributions for a large heterogeneous sample of feet were collected during barefoot standing using a capacitance mat and showed that the heel carried 60%, the midfoot 8%, and the forefoot 28% of the weightbearing load.
Abstract: The plantar pressure distributions for a large heterogeneous sample of feet (N = 107) were collected during barefoot standing using a capacitance mat. From these data, the function of the foot during standing was characterized. Peak pressures under the heel (139 kPa) were, on average, 2.6 times greater than forefoot pressures (53 kPa). Forefoot peak pressures were usually located under the second or third metatarsal heads. No significant relationship was found between body weight and the magnitude of peak pressure. The concepts of a transverse arch at the level of the metatarsal heads and a "tripod" theory of load distribution were not substantiated by this study. Load distribution analysis showed that the heel carried 60%, the midfoot 8%, and the forefoot 28% of the weightbearing load. The toes were only minimally involved in the weightbearing process. Examples of unusual distributions are shown; finally, a checklist is provided to aid the clinician in evaluating plantar pressure findings.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: The present results provide a standardization based on average preferred foot placement, which will minimize between-subject variability and reduce the abnormal constraints that are placed on subjects by existing standards.
446 citations
TL;DR: The effects of soft tissue stiffening on the stress distribution of the plantar surface and bony structures during balanced standing were investigated and showed that a five-fold increase in soft tissue stiffness led to about 35% and 33% increase in the peak plantar pressure at the forefoot and rearfoot regions, respectively.
405 citations
Cites methods or result from "Pressure Distribution under Symptom..."
...the use of in-shoe pressure sensors and pedobarograph (Cavanagh et al., 1987; Lavery et al., 1997; Patil et al., 2002; Raspovic et al., 2000; Lord and Hosein, 2000; Lord et al., 1986)....
[...]
...The predicted peak pressure increases were comparable to other FE model predictions in the literature (Gefen, 2003; Jacob and Patil, 1999). For instance, Gefen (2003) predicted 1....
[...]
TL;DR: The results, which conform to experimental data gathered over the last two decades, suggest that the process of injury in diabetic feet is very likely to initiate not on the skin surface, but in deeper tissue layers, and the tissues underlying the distal bony prominences of the medial metatarsals are the most vulnerable ones.
248 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive evaluation of custom designs using in-shoe pressure measurement should ideally be conducted before dispensing insoles to diabetic patients with neuropathy and foot deformity.
242 citations
Cites methods from "Pressure Distribution under Symptom..."
...2A and B) (Cavanagh et al., 1987)....
[...]
...The platform had been recently calibrated over a range of 0–1300 kPa....
[...]
TL;DR: This article gives a concise, although admittedly non-exhaustive, didactic review of some of the main concepts and approaches related to recent advances and developments in the scope of skin-based wearable devices, with an emphasis on emerging materials and fabrication techniques in the relevant fields.
Abstract: Skin-based wearable devices have a great potential that could result in a revolutionary approach to health monitoring and diagnosing disease. With continued innovation and intensive attention to the materials and fabrication technologies, development of these healthcare devices is progressively encouraged. This article gives a concise, although admittedly non-exhaustive, didactic review of some of the main concepts and approaches related to recent advances and developments in the scope of skin-based wearable devices (e.g. temperature, strain, biomarker-analysis werable devices, etc.), with an emphasis on emerging materials and fabrication techniques in the relevant fields. To give a comprehensive statement, part of the review presents and discusses different aspects of these advanced materials, such as the sensitivity, biocompatibility and durability as well as the major approaches proposed for enhancing their chemical and physical properties. A complementary section of the review linking these advanced materials with wearable device technologies is particularly specified. Some of the strong and weak points in development of each wearable material/device are highlighted and criticized. Several ideas regarding further improvement of skin-based wearable devices are also discussed.
208 citations
References
More filters
[...]
TL;DR: The natural history of the diabetic foot is reviewed and the surgical impact of the Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline- based care of diabetic foot infections is assessed.
Abstract: Diabetic foot infections are a frequent clinical problem. About 50% of diabetic foot infections who have foot amputations die within five years. Properly managed most can be cured, but many patients needlessly undergo amputations because of improper diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This approach along with vascular assessment help clinical decisions about which patients to hospitalize, which to send for imaging procedures or for whom to recommend surgical interventions. This paper reviewed the natural history of the diabetic foot and assessed the surgical impact of the Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline- based care of diabetic foot infections.
855 citations
TL;DR: A planimetric method is presented for characterizing footprints using the ratio of the area of the middle third of the footprint to the entire footprint area (excluding the toes), which provides an objective measure for comparative purposes.
624 citations
TL;DR: An apparatus is described which gives a rapid and detailed picture of the distribution of pressure under the foot, this being displayed either as a continuous grey scale or a color contour map on a television monitor.
Abstract: An apparatus is described which gives a rapid and detailed picture of the distribution of pressure under the foot, this being displayed either as a continuous grey scale or a color contour map on a television monitor. Automatic analysis systems are outlined which enable the quantitation of the distribution of pressures and loads under the foot during standing and walking, utilizing computer techniques. The use of the static system is illustrated by the results of analytic procedures carried out on normal feet and in the assessment of surgical correction of a series of equino-varus feet in children suffering from spina bifida. The clinical application of the dynamic system is illustrated by the measurement of pressure/time curves encountered under the heel, the five metatarsal heads, and the great toe of a control group of feet and the feet of patients who had undergone metatarsophalangeal fusions, Keller arthroplasties, and Swanson arthroplasties.
145 citations
TL;DR: Methods of making foot-ground pressure pattern measurements are presented with discussion of their various advantages for particular applications and some applications of the results to further the understanding of normal and pathological conditions are noted.
106 citations
TL;DR: A new method and instrument developed by the authors allows a simultaneous recording of the pressure distribution between each foot and the ground during either standing or walking, which may yield important data for the evaluation of prosthetic-orthotic appliances, in post-operative follow-up of orthopedic patients, and in the mechanics of rehabilitation.
97 citations