Pressure Effects on Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Bundles
Summary (1 min read)
Summary
- Characterization of average tube diameter Figure 1 shows the X-ray diffraction pattern recorded at ambient pressure and room temperature using CuKa line (l = 1.54 A).
- The pressures are less than 0.1 GPa and hence the observed shifts of the modes can be mainly attributed to the effects of the liquid rather than the external pressure applied by the anvils.
- The mechanism for the shift needs to be understood better.
- Here the authors examine the complete reversibility of the Raman spectra in greater detail for both the radial as well as tangential modes.
- Surprisingly, here too the authors find complete reversibility of SWNT bundles on decompression.
- The reversibility of pressure effects is observed under non-hydrostatic pressure conditions as well.
- The authors hope that their experiments will inspire to carry out molecular dynamic simulations of SWNT bundles up to high pressures of 30 GPa.
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Frequently Asked Questions (13)
Q2. How many GPa did the authors monitor the tangential mode?
In their experiments carried out up to 26 GPa the authors monitored the tangential mode and observed the reversibility of the Raman spectra in terms of peak positions, linewidths and intensity inside the DAC [18].
Q3. How many Lorentzians are fitted to the low-frequency band?
The low-frequency band is best fitted to a sum of four Lorentzians with an appropriate base line and the tangential mode is fitted to a sum of five Lorentzians.
Q4. What is the frequency shift of the SWNT bundle?
The frequency shift is understood to be arising from compressive forces imposed by the liquids on the nanotubes, suggesting the potential of nanotubes as molecular sensors.
Q5. What is the diffraction peak at q?
The low angle diffraction peak at q = 2.8 corresponds to the Bragg reflection from (10) planes of the two-dimensional triangular lattice.
Q6. How is the translational coherence lost in the bundle?
Their recent high-pressure X-ray studies show that the translational coherence in the bundle is lost around 10 GPa, which is reversible on decompression.
Q7. What is the chiral vector of the triangular lattice?
A is the C–C bond length of graphene sheet, n and m are integers defining the chiral vector, Ch ¼ na1 + ma2, and a1 and a2 are the primitive vectors of the triangular lattice.
Q8. What is the average tube diameter in the SWNT bundles?
The continuum theory of elasticity proposed by Tersoff and coworkers [23, 24] shows that the intertubular gap is 3.12 A at normal pressure compared to 3.35 A for the (002) graphite spacing.
Q9. What is the reversible loss of translational coherence in the bundle?
Further at 9.5 GPa, the authors see a sudden increase in the d10 spacing indicating structural relaxation, corroborating the softening of tangential modes at ~10 GPa [18].
Q10. What is the prominent radial band?
Figure 3 shows the two most prominent peaks observed in the radial band as a function of pressure in both increasing (solid symbols) and decreas-ing (open symbols) cycles using alcohol as pressure transmitter.
Q11. Why do the radial and tangential modes shift to higher frequencies?
This is important because the mo-lecular dynamic calculations [16] for the pressure shift of the radial mode agree remarkably well in a theoretical model, which does not include penetration of the liquid inside the bundle.
Q12. What is the significance of the Raman spectra in the decreasing pressure run?
This implies that some structural relaxation/modification (e.g. polymerization) [30] has taken place in pressure runs which needs to be examined further.
Q13. What is the frequency of the radial mode?
For the SWNT bundle in air (Fig. 2a), the radial mode frequencies are 153.7, 168.3, 175.9 and 183.2 cm– 1, suggesting that tubes of different diameters are present in the sample.