Prevalence and Characteristics of Undiagnosed Bipolar Disorders in Patients With a Major Depressive Episode: The BRIDGE Study
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Cites background from "Prevalence and Characteristics of U..."
...DSM-5 has introduced the concept of a mixed features specifier (see below), which formalizes the identification of manic symptoms in depressive episodes (Angst et al., 2011)....
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...001) with bipolarity were observed for family history of mania/hypomania, multiple past mood episodes and comorbid substance use disorder (Angst et al., 2011)....
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Cites background from "Prevalence and Characteristics of U..."
...A large long-term study (71) found that among patients in a major depressive episode, those meeting criteria for bipolar features (72, 73) showed a higher risk of later episodes of hypomania or mania and greater mood lability during antidepressant treatment....
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References
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"Prevalence and Characteristics of U..." refers background or methods in this paper
...If patients exhibit bipolar symptoms that impair everyday functioning, treatment with a mood stabilizer or an atypical antipsychotic may be useful.(21) In conclusion, this study shows that more than onethird of patients with MDE also have subthreshold hypomania or mania, which suggests the existence of an unrecognized bipolar subgroup that can be distinguished from pure MDD by several validators....
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..., unpublished data, April 2008), known risk factors for bipolar disorder, previous response to antidepressants, current treatment, and functional status determined by the physician using the Global Assessment of Functioning.(21) Comorbidity was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview(22) and diagnosed using symptom checklists by DSM-IV TR criteria for substance abuse and addiction, panic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, social phobias, generalized anxiety disorders, eating disorders, borderline personality disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (results to be reported elsewhere)....
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...Exclusion criteria were acute psychiatric or nonpsychiatric emergencies, prominent somatic illness, or inability to complete the 32-item revised Hypomania Checklist.20 DATA COLLECTION Patients were evaluated at a single assessment with the participating psychiatrist, who completed a case report form for each patient, incorporating inclusion criteria, sociodemographic variables (age, sex, and marital status), inpatient or outpatient status, history of psychiatric symptoms (mood symptoms, postpartum depression, and suicide attempts), previous psychiatric hospitalization, features of the current depressive episode, bipolar symptoms listed in the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder (J.A., J.-M.A., C.L.B., G.P., E.V., and A.H.Y., unpublished data, April 2008), known risk factors for bipolar disorder, previous response to antidepressants, current treatment, and functional status determined by the physician using the Global Assessment of Functioning.21 Comorbidity was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview22 and diagnosed using symptom checklists by DSM-IV TR criteria for substance abuse and addiction, panic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, social phobias, generalized anxiety disorders, eating disorders, borderline personality disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (results to be reported elsewhere)....
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