Prevalence, and early childhood caries risk indicators in preschool children in suburban Nigeria
TL;DR: The prevalence of ECC in the study population was low, and promoting good oral hygiene practices and enhancing mothers’ knowledge of oral health may help reduce further, the risk for ECC.
Abstract: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is defined as the presence of caries lesion in an primary tooth in children below the age of 71 months. It is a significant public health problem with consequences for the growth and development of affected children. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and ECC risk indicators in a suburban population in Nigeria. The data of 497 children aged 6 months to 71 months who were recruited through a household survey conducted in Ile-Ife, Nigeria was analysed for prevalence of ECC and risk indicators. Information on children’s ages, sex, socioeconomic status, tooth brushing habits, sugary snacks consumption, use of fluoridated toothpaste, birth rank, infant-feeding practices, breastfeeding practices, maternal age at childbirth, and maternal knowledge of oral health was obtained. Children’s oral hygiene and caries status was also determined. Risk factors associated with ECC were determined using logistic regression analysis. Thirty-three (6.6 %) children had ECC. Four (0.8 %) had severe ECC. The four risk indicators for ECC were the child’s gender, mothers’ knowledge of oral health, consumption of sugary snacks in between meals more than three times a day, and the child’s oral hygiene status. Females (PR: −0.06; 95 % CI: −0.01– -0.01; p = 0.02), and children with mothers who had good knowledge of oral health (PR: −0.06; 95 % CI: −0.11––0.008; p = 0.02) were less likely to have ECC. Children who consumed sugary snacks in between meals three times a day or more (PR: 0.05; CI: 0.003 – 0.01; P = 0.04) and children with fair oral hygiene (PR: 0.05; 95 % CI: 0.005–0.10; p = 0.03) were more likely to have ECC. The prevalence of ECC in the study population was low. Promoting good oral hygiene practices and enhancingmothers’ knowledge of oral health may help reduce further, the risk for ECC in the study population.
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TL;DR: Data shown in the present paper provide evidence that stevioside extracts from S. rebaudiana are not cariogenic, and critical analysis of the literature supports the anti-bacterial role of stevioides on oral bacteria flora.
Abstract: Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a small perennial shrub of the Asteraceae (Compositae) family that is native to South America, particularly Brazil and Paraguay, where it is known as "stevia" or "honey leaf" for its powerful sweetness. Several studies have suggested that in addition to their sweetness, steviosides and their related compounds, including rebaudioside A and isosteviol, may offer additional therapeutic benefits. These benefits include anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-diarrheal, diuretic, and immunomodulatory actions. Additionally, critical analysis of the literature supports the anti-bacterial role of steviosides on oral bacteria flora. The aim of this review is to show the emerging results regarding the anti-cariogenic properties of S. rebaudiana Bertoni. Data shown in the present paper provide evidence that stevioside extracts from S. rebaudiana are not cariogenic. Future research should be focused on in vivo studies to evaluate the effects on dental caries of regular consumption of S. rebaudiana extract-based products.
79 citations
Cites background from "Prevalence, and early childhood car..."
...A significant improvement in dental caries levels worldwide may be attained by the implementation of caries preventive strategies, paying special attention to high-risk groups that are represented by people with low economic-social status in developed countries and people who lives in less developed countries [6,7]....
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TL;DR: This systematic review and synthesis of available literature identified parent-level proximal and distal risk factors associated with the development of ECC in developing nations and suggested interventions could be designed to improve parental oral health knowledge and behaviors in these nations.
Abstract: Background Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most prevalent and chronic conditions of childhood. Various factors including biological and dietary factors along with an overlay of parental social factors have been found to be associated with the progression of ECC. The objective of this systematic review is to synthesize available literature and to identify parent-level proximal and distal risk factors associated with the development of ECC in developing nations. Methods Studies conducted in developing nations, published between 2005 and 2017 in English, that included children younger than 6 years and examined ECC were included. The outcome of interest were parental risk factors, which included parental knowledge, behavior, attitudes, sense of coherence (SOC), stress, socioeconomic status (SES), education, and breastfeeding duration. The studies were retrieved from MEDLINE, Ovid Medline, and PubMed. Results The search yielded 325 studies, of which 18 were considered eligible for inclusion in this review. Ten studies found maternal education, and seven studies found parental education to be significantly associated with ECC. SES was significantly associated with ECC in 13 studies in the form of annual household income and occupation level. Four studies observed the significant association between oral health knowledge and attitudes with ECC, whereas only two studies found maternal attitude to be associated with ECC. Breastfeeding duration was a significant risk factor in four studies. One study each found significant associations of SOC, parental distress, and secondary smoke with ECC. Conclusion To date, most of the researches done in developing countries have reported distal parental factors such as income and education being significant risk factors in caries development compared to proximal risk factors in low-income groups. Only a few studies analyzed the psychosocial and behavioral factors. Interventions could be designed to improve parental oral health knowledge and behaviors in these nations.
57 citations
Cites background from "Prevalence, and early childhood car..."
...(33) 6–71 months; Nigeria Sociodemographic profile, oral health knowledge dmft Good oral health knowledge (p = 0....
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TL;DR: A very high rate of S-ECC was observed, and oral health may be influenced by social factors, as well as environmental factors.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and social risk factors of severe early childhood caries in three-year-old children in Northern Thailand, using a birth-cohort study The data utilized in this study were from the prospective cohort study of Thai children (PCTC) from the 28 to 38 weeks gestational age until the children reached the age of 36 months (N = 597) in Mueang Nan district, Northern Thailand. Questionnaires were administered at different time points and dental examination was conducted at the age of 3 years of the child. 44.1 % of the 3 year old children had S-ECC. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, environmental factors (the use of rain or well water as drinking water, no schooling of mother of child, being male), and risk behaviour (sleeping with a bottle at 30 months) were associated with S-ECC. Further, in bivariate analysis, psychological distress in the mother, lack of spousal relationship support, suckle to sleep when going to bed, introduction of soft drinks at 12 months, having had more frequently sweet food, and less than daily tooth brushing before 30 months were associated with S-ECC. A very high rate of S-ECC was observed, and oral health may be influenced by social factors.
56 citations
Cites result from "Prevalence, and early childhood car..."
...Unlike in some other studies [3, 11, 14, 17], this study did not find an association between the use of dental services, BMI overweight, being a single mother and maternal caries experience....
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14 Feb 2019
TL;DR: The best available evidence indicates that breastfeeding up to 2 y of age does not increase ECC risk, and providing access to fluoridated water and educating caregivers are justified approaches to ECC prevention.
Abstract: Introduction:A systematic review of evidence on the impact of modifiable risk factors on early childhood caries (ECC) was conducted to inform recommendations in a World Health Organization manual o...
48 citations
TL;DR: Investigating the type of parenting style and oral health practices as risk factors among children with ECC in an Indian preschool population found majority of parents of children with and without ECC had authoritative parenting style.
Abstract: Background. There is a need to carry out
controlled investigations regarding risk factors for
early childhood caries (ECC).
Aim. To study the type of parenting style and oral
health practices as risk factors among children
with ECC in an Indian preschool population.
Methods. Two hundred and eleven children with
ECC and equal number of controls participated in
this case–control study. A questionnaire was
answered by parents regarding oral health practices
such as oral hygiene methods, feeding habits,
daily sugar intake, and dental attendance pattern
along with socioeconomic and demographic status.
The parenting style was determined using
Parenting Styles Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ)
index. Data were statistically analyzed using
chi-square test and multiple logistic regression
analysis.
Results. Risk factors associated with ECC were
higher birth order, lower socioeconomic status,
non-use of fluoridated toothpaste, breast/bottle
feeding for more than one year, presence of formula
milk or milk with sugar in the feeding bottle
while falling asleep, higher sweet scores in the
diet chart, and visiting dentist only when a problem
was perceived. Majority of parents of children
with and without ECC had authoritative parenting
style.
Conclusion. Improper oral health practices are the
risk factors for ECC. The association of parenting
style with ECC could not be confirmed.
36 citations
References
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15 Jun 2006
TL;DR: Practical Statistics for Medical Research is a problem-based text for medical researchers, medical students, and others in the medical arena who need to use statistics but have no specialized mathematics background.
Abstract: Most medical researchers, whether clinical or non-clinical, receive some background in statistics as undergraduates. However, it is most often brief, a long time ago, and largely forgotten by the time it is needed. Furthermore, many introductory texts fall short of adequately explaining the underlying concepts of statistics, and often are divorced from the reality of conducting and assessing medical research.
Practical Statistics for Medical Research is a problem-based text for medical researchers, medical students, and others in the medical arena who need to use statistics but have no specialized mathematics background.
The author draws on twenty years of experience as a consulting medical statistician to provide clear explanations to key statistical concepts, with a firm emphasis on practical aspects of designing and analyzing medical research. The text gives special attention to the presentation and interpretation of results and the many real problems that arise in medical research
17,322 citations
"Prevalence, and early childhood car..." refers methods in this paper
...20 during the tests of association entered into the model based on recommendation by Altman [46]....
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...However, only factors whose p value was 0.20 during the tests of association entered into the model based on recommendation by Altman [46]....
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...Altman DG. Practical statistics for medical research....
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TL;DR: The current oral health situation and development trends at global level are described and WHO strategies and approaches for better oral health in the 21st century are outlined.
Abstract: Chronic diseases and injuries are the leading health problems in all but a few parts of the world. The rapidly changing disease patterns throughout the world are closely linked to changing lifestyles, which include diets rich in sugars, widespread use of tobacco, and increased consumption of alcohol. In addition to socio-environmental determinants, oral disease is highly related to these lifestyle factors, which are risks to most chronic diseases as well as protective factors such as appropriate exposure to fluoride and good oral hygiene. Oral diseases qualify as major public health problems owing to their high prevalence and incidence in all regions of the world, and as for all diseases, the greatest burden of oral diseases is on disadvantaged and socially marginalized populations. The severe impact in terms of pain and suffering, impairment of function and effect on quality of life must also be considered. Traditional treatment of oral diseases is extremely costly in several industrialized countries, and not feasible in most low-income and middle-income countries. The WHO Global Strategy for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, added to the common risk factor approach is a new strategy for managing prevention and control of oral diseases. The WHO Oral Health Programme has also strengthened its work for improved oral health globally through links with other technical programmes within the Department for Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. The current oral health situation and development trends at global level are described and WHO strategies and approaches for better oral health in the 21st century are outlined.
2,734 citations
1,999 citations
"Prevalence, and early childhood car..." refers methods in this paper
...Greene JC, Vermillion JR....
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...The Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) of Greene and Vermillion [41] was used to determine the oral hygiene status....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide guidelines on how pediatricians can advocate for children by helping families, school systems, and communities consider how best to ensure that play is protected as they seek the balance in children's lives to create the optimal developmental milieu.
Abstract: Play is essential to development because it contributes to the cognitive, physical, social, and emotional well-being of children and youth. Play also offers an ideal opportunity for parents to engage fully with their children. Despite the benefits derived from play for both children and parents, time for free play has been markedly reduced for some children. This report addresses a variety of factors that have reduced play, including a hurried lifestyle, changes in family structure, and increased attention to academics and enrichment activities at the expense of recess or free child-centered play. This report offers guidelines on how pediatricians can advocate for children by helping families, school systems, and communities consider how best to ensure that play is protected as they seek the balance in children's lives to create the optimal developmental milieu.
1,476 citations
TL;DR: The global burden of untreated caries, severe periodontitis, and severe tooth loss in 2010 is reported on and the challenge in responding to the diversity of urgent oral health needs worldwide is highlighted, particularly in developing communities.
Abstract: The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2010 Study produced comparable estimates of the burden of 291 diseases and injuries in 1990, 2005, and 2010. This article reports on the global burden of untreated caries, severe periodontitis, and severe tooth loss in 2010 and compares those figures with new estimates for 1990. We used disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) metrics to quantify burden. Oral conditions affected 3.9 billion people, and untreated caries in permanent teeth was the most prevalent condition evaluated for the entire GBD 2010 Study (global prevalence of 35% for all ages combined). Oral conditions combined accounted for 15 million DALYs globally (1.9% of all YLDs; 0.6% of all DALYs), implying an average health loss of 224 years per 100,000 population. DALYs due to oral conditions increased 20.8% between 1990 and 2010, mainly due to population growth and aging. While DALYs due to severe periodontitis and untreated caries increased, those due to severe tooth loss decreased. DALYs differed by age groups and regions, but not by genders. The findings highlight the challenge in responding to the diversity of urgent oral health needs worldwide, particularly in developing communities.
1,256 citations
"Prevalence, and early childhood car..." refers background in this paper
...The most prevalent public health disease worldwide in 2010 was caries [1], with caries affecting the primary teeth being the tenth most prevalent disease [1]....
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