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Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years - autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2010
Jon Baio
- Vol. 63
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TLDR
These findings from CDC's ADDM Network, which are based on 2010 data reported from 11 sites, provide updated population-based estimates of the prevalence of ASD in multiple communities in the United States.Abstract:
PROBLEM/CONDITION
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
PERIOD COVERED
2010.
DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM
The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is an active surveillance system in the United States that provides estimates of the prevalence of ASD and other characteristics among children aged 8 years whose parents or guardians live in 11 ADDM sites in the United States. ADDM surveillance is conducted in two phases. The first phase consists of screening and abstracting comprehensive evaluations performed by professional providers in the community. Multiple data sources for these evaluations include general pediatric health clinics and specialized programs for children with developmental disabilities. In addition, most ADDM Network sites also review and abstract records of children receiving special education services in public schools. The second phase involves review of all abstracted evaluations by trained clinicians to determine ASD surveillance case status. A child meets the surveillance case definition for ASD if a comprehensive evaluation of that child completed by a qualified professional describes behaviors consistent with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnostic criteria for any of the following conditions: autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (including atypical autism), or Asperger disorder. This report provides updated prevalence estimates for ASD from the 2010 surveillance year. In addition to prevalence estimates, characteristics of the population of children with ASD are described.
RESULTS
For 2010, the overall prevalence of ASD among the ADDM sites was 14.7 per 1,000 (one in 68) children aged 8 years. Overall ASD prevalence estimates varied among sites from 5.7 to 21.9 per 1,000 children aged 8 years. ASD prevalence estimates also varied by sex and racial/ethnic group. Approximately one in 42 boys and one in 189 girls living in the ADDM Network communities were identified as having ASD. Non-Hispanic white children were approximately 30% more likely to be identified with ASD than non-Hispanic black children and were almost 50% more likely to be identified with ASD than Hispanic children. Among the seven sites with sufficient data on intellectual ability, 31% of children with ASD were classified as having IQ scores in the range of intellectual disability (IQ ≤70), 23% in the borderline range (IQ = 71-85), and 46% in the average or above average range of intellectual ability (IQ >85). The proportion of children classified in the range of intellectual disability differed by race/ethnicity. Approximately 48% of non-Hispanic black children with ASD were classified in the range of intellectual disability compared with 38% of Hispanic children and 25% of non-Hispanic white children. The median age of earliest known ASD diagnosis was 53 months and did not differ significantly by sex or race/ethnicity.
INTERPRETATION
These findings from CDC's ADDM Network, which are based on 2010 data reported from 11 sites, provide updated population-based estimates of the prevalence of ASD in multiple communities in the United States. Because the ADDM Network sites do not provide a representative sample of the entire United States, the combined prevalence estimates presented in this report cannot be generalized to all children aged 8 years in the United States population. Consistent with previous reports from the ADDM Network, findings from the 2010 surveillance year were marked by significant variations in ASD prevalence by geographic area, sex, race/ethnicity, and level of intellectual ability. The extent to which this variation might be attributable to diagnostic practices, underrecognition of ASD symptoms in some racial/ethnic groups, socioeconomic disparities in access to services, and regional differences in clinical or school-based practices that might influence the findings in this report is unclear.
PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION
ADDM Network investigators will continue to monitor the prevalence of ASD in select communities, with a focus on exploring changes within these communities that might affect both the observed prevalence of ASD and population-based characteristics of children identified with ASD. Although ASD is sometimes diagnosed by 2 years of age, the median age of the first ASD diagnosis remains older than age 4 years in the ADDM Network communities. Recommendations from the ADDM Network include enhancing strategies to address the need for 1) standardized, widely adopted measures to document ASD severity and functional limitations associated with ASD diagnosis; 2) improved recognition and documentation of symptoms of ASD, particularly among both boys and girls, children without intellectual disability, and children in all racial/ethnic groups; and 3) decreasing the age when children receive their first evaluation for and a diagnosis of ASD and are enrolled in community-based support systems.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014
Jon Baio,Lisa D. Wiggins,Deborah Christensen,Matthew J. Maenner,Julie L. Daniels,Zachary Warren,Margaret Kurzius-Spencer,Walter Zahorodny,Cordelia Robinson Rosenberg,Tiffany White,Maureen S. Durkin,Pamela Imm,Loizos Nikolaou,Loizos Nikolaou,Marshalyn Yeargin-Allsopp,Li-Ching Lee,Rebecca A. Harrington,Maya Lopez,Robert T. Fitzgerald,P Amy Hewitt,Sydney Pettygrove,John N. Constantino,Alison Vehorn,Josephine Shenouda,Jennifer Hall-Lande,Kim Van Naarden Braun,Nicole F. Dowling +26 more
TL;DR: This report provides updated ASD prevalence estimates for children aged 8 years during the 2014 surveillance year, on the basis of DSM-IV-TR criteria, and describes characteristics of the population of children with ASD.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016
Matthew J. Maenner,Kelly A Shaw,Jon Baio,Anita Washington,Mary E. Patrick,Monica DiRienzo,Deborah Christensen,Lisa D. Wiggins,Sydney Pettygrove,Jennifer Andrews,Maya Lopez,Allison Hudson,Thaer Baroud,Yvette D Schwenk,Tiffany White,Cordelia Robinson Rosenberg,Li Ching Lee,Rebecca A. Harrington,Margaret Huston,Amy Hewitt,Amy Esler,Jennifer Hall-Lande,Jenny N. Poynter,Libby Hallas-Muchow,John N. Constantino,Robert T. Fitzgerald,Walter Zahorodny,Josephine Shenouda,Julie L. Daniels,Zachary Warren,Alison Vehorn,Angelica Salinas,Maureen S. Durkin,Patricia M. Dietz +33 more
TL;DR: The prevalence of ASD varied considerably across sites and was higher than previous estimates since 2014, highlighting the variability in the evaluation and detection of ASD across communities and between sociodemographic groups.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years--Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2012.
Deborah Christensen,Jon Baio,Kim Van Naarden Braun,Deborah A. Bilder,Jane M. Charles,John N. Constantino,Julie L. Daniels,Maureen S. Durkin,Robert T. Fitzgerald,Margaret Kurzius-Spencer,Li Ching Lee,Sydney Pettygrove,Cordelia Robinson,Eldon G. Schulz,Chris S. Wells,Martha S. Wingate,Walter Zahorodny,Marshalyn Yeargin-Allsopp +17 more
TL;DR: ASD prevalence estimates for children aged 8 years living in catchment areas of the ADDM Network sites in 2012 are provided, overall and stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, and the type of source records (education and health records versus health records only).
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TL;DR: Genetics studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have identified several risk genes that are key regulators of synaptic plasticity, and when deleterious mutations occur, inefficient genetic buffering and impaired synaptic homeostasis may increase an individual's risk for ASD.
References
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TL;DR: This review explores the current status of epidemiological, genetic, and neuroendocrinological work addressing ASD prevalence and liability in males and females so as to frame the major issues necessary to pursue a more complete understanding of the biological basis for sex-differential risk.
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Journal Article
Changes in Prevalence of Parent-reported Autism Spectrum Disorder in School-aged U.S. Children: 2007 to 2011-2012
Stephen J. Blumberg,Matthew D. Bramlett,Michael D. Kogan,Laura A. Schieve,Jessica R. Jones,Michael C. Lu +5 more
TL;DR: The results of the cohort analyses increase confidence that differential survey measurement error over time was not a major contributor to observed changes in the prevalence of parent-reported ASD.
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Socioeconomic Inequality in the Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evidence From a U.S. Cross-Sectional Study
Maureen S. Durkin,Matthew J. Maenner,F. John Meaney,Susan E. Levy,Carolyn DiGuiseppi,Joyce S. Nicholas,Russell S. Kirby,Jennifer Pinto-Martin,Laura A. Schieve +8 more
TL;DR: The stronger SES gradient in ASD prevalence in children with versus without a pre-existing ASD diagnosis points to potential ascertainment or diagnostic bias and to the possibility of SES disparity in access to services for children with autism.
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Autism: not an extremely rare disorder
Christopher Gillberg,Lorna Wing +1 more
TL;DR: To study autism over time in order to ascertain whether there has been an increase in its prevalence in recent years, all English language papers on the prevalence of autism were reviewed.
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