Probability of shock in the presence and absence of CS in fear conditioning.
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Cites background from "Probability of shock in the presenc..."
...For animal learning, Rescorla (1968) observed that rats learn a tone (cue/cause)-shock (outcome) association if the frequency of shocks immediately after the tone is higher than the frequency of shocks undergone otherwise. This holds, even if in the minority of cases a shock actually follows the tone. Gluck & Bower (1988) and others show that humans learn associations between the representations of certain cues (properties or features) and outcome (typically another property or a category prediction) in a very similar way....
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...For animal learning, Rescorla (1968) observed that rats learn a tone (cue/cause)-shock (outcome) association if the frequency of shocks immediately after the tone is higher than the frequency of shocks undergone otherwise....
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...For animal learning, Rescorla (1968) observed that rats learn a tone (cue/cause)-shock (outcome) association if the frequency of shocks immediately after the tone is higher than the frequency of shocks undergone otherwise. This holds, even if in the minority of cases a shock actually follows the tone. Gluck & Bower (1988) and others show that humans learn associations between the representations of certain cues (properties or features) and outcome (typically another property or a category prediction) in a very similar way. Thus, we associate outcome o with cue c, not so much if P(o|c) is high, but rather if ∆Po c = P(o|c)−P(o|¬c) is high, where ∆Po c is known as the contingency of o on c. As noted above, ∆Po c = P(o|c)−P(o|¬c) > 0 if and only if P(o|c)> P(o), i.e., the condition Cohen (1999) demands to be satisfied for relative readings of generics....
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...For animal learning, Rescorla (1968) observed that rats learn a tone (cue/cause)-shock (outcome) association if the frequency of shocks immediately after the tone is higher than the frequency of shocks undergone otherwise. This holds, even if in the minority of cases a shock actually follows the tone. Gluck & Bower (1988) and others show that humans learn associations between the representations of certain cues (properties or features) and outcome (typically another property or a category prediction) in a very similar way. Thus, we associate outcome o with cue c, not so much if P(o|c) is high, but rather if ∆Po c = P(o|c)−P(o|¬c) is high, where ∆Po c is known as the contingency of o on c. As noted above, ∆Po c = P(o|c)−P(o|¬c) > 0 if and only if P(o|c)> P(o), i.e., the condition Cohen (1999) demands to be satisfied for relative readings of generics. In Tessler & Goodman (2019) and in van Rooij & Schulz (2019) it is hypothesised that (a strengthened version of) Cohen’s relative reading is the basic reading of generics....
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...For animal learning, Rescorla (1968) observed that rats learn a tone (cue/cause)-shock (outcome) association if the frequency of shocks immediately after the tone is higher than the frequency of shocks undergone otherwise. This holds, even if in the minority of cases a shock actually follows the tone. Gluck & Bower (1988) and others show that humans learn associations between the representations of certain cues (properties or features) and outcome (typically another property or a category prediction) in a very similar way. Thus, we associate outcome o with cue c, not so much if P(o|c) is high, but rather if ∆Po c = P(o|c)−P(o|¬c) is high, where ∆Po c is known as the contingency of o on c. As noted above, ∆Po c = P(o|c)−P(o|¬c) > 0 if and only if P(o|c)> P(o), i.e., the condition Cohen (1999) demands to be satisfied for relative readings of generics. In Tessler & Goodman (2019) and in van Rooij & Schulz (2019) it is hypothesised that (a strengthened version of) Cohen’s relative reading is the basic reading of generics. So, in contrast to Cohen (1999), we don’t think that the absolute reading is the default reading, but only a special case of the (strengthened version of the) relative reading....
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"Probability of shock in the presenc..." refers background in this paper
...Although such an account is plausible for the present data, it fails to explain the active inhibition of fear found by Rescorla and LoLordo (1965), Rescorla (1966), and Hammond (1967)....
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