Probability of shock in the presence and absence of CS in fear conditioning.
01 Aug 1968-Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology (J Comp Physiol Psychol)-Vol. 66, Iss: 1, pp 1-5
TL;DR: 2 experiments indicate that CS-US contingency is an important determinant of fear conditioning and that presentation of US in the absence of CS interferes with fear conditioning.
Abstract: 2 experiments indicate that CS-US contingency is an important determinant of fear conditioning and that presentation of US in the absence of CS interferes with fear conditioning. In Experiment 1, equal probability of a shock US in the presence and absence of a tone CS produced no CER suppression to CS; the same probability of US given only during CS produced substantial conditioning. In Experiment 2, which explored 4 different probabilities of US in the presence and absence of CS, amount of conditioning was higher the greater the probability of US during CS and was lower the greater the probability of US in the absence of CS; when the 2 probabilities were equal, no conditioning resulted. Two conceptions of Pavlovian conditioning have been distinguished by Rescorla (1967). The first, and more traditional, notion emphasizes the role of the number of pairings of CS and US in the formation of a CR. The second notion suggests that it is the contingency between CS and US which is important. The notion of contingency differs from that of pairing in that it includes not only what events are paired but also what events are not paired. As used here, contingency refers to the relative probability of occurrence of US in the presence of CS as contrasted with its probability in the absence of CS. The contingency notion suggests that, in fact, conditioning only occurs when these probabilities differ; when the probability of US is higher during CS than at other times, excitatory conditioning occurs; when the probability is lower, inhibitory conditioning results. Notice that the probability of a US can be the same in the absence and presence of CS and yet there can be a fair number of CS-US pairings. It is this that makes it possible to assess the relative importance of pairing and contingency in the development of a CR. Several experiments have pointed to the usefulness of the contingency notion. Rescorla (1966) reported a Pavlovian 1This research was supported by Grants MH13415-01 from the National Institute of Mental Health and GB-6493 from the National Science Foundation, as well as by funds from Yale University.
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TL;DR: In particular, the authors concluye que these caracteriásticas of the AEC are consistent with the análisis of la actividad cientiáfica como conducta operante.
Abstract: El presente trabajo se sitúa en la perspectiva de analizar los procesos implicados en el desarrollo de la actividad científica, más que en el estudio de las características formales de los productos científicos. Dicho abordaje se realiza desde la teoría skinneriana de la conducta (condicionamiento operante). Así, se estudian tres momentos de la actividad científica: a) la selección del dato científico como conducta verbal discriminativa, b) el establecimiento de relaciones entre variables entendido como detección de relaciones de contingencia entre eventos y, c) la derivación de nuevos conceptos como u n caso de conducta gobernada por reglas. Por otra parte, las características metodológicas implícitas en la práctica del Análisis Experimental de la Conducta (AEC) se confrontan con las ideas propuestas anteriormente. Finalmente, se concluye que dichas características del AEC son altamente consistentes con el análisis de la actividad científica como conducta operante, dándose cuenta del alto grado de coherencia alcanzado por los conductistas radicales respecto a, por un lado, los aspectos formales de su práctica investigadora (AEC) y, por otro, al contenido de sus productos teóricos (condicionamiento operante).
TL;DR: This article used outcome-selective Pavlovian contingency degradation in rats to gain an understanding of how dopamine neuron activity and neurotransmitter release change when a retrospective relationship is degraded for a specific pair of events.
Abstract: Learning causal relationships relies on understanding how often one event precedes another. To gain an understanding of how dopamine neuron activity and neurotransmitter release change when a retrospective relationship is degraded for a specific pair of events, we used outcome-selective Pavlovian contingency degradation in rats. Two cues were paired with distinct food rewards, one of which was also delivered in the absence of either cue. Conditioned approach was attenuated for the cue-reward contingency that was degraded. Dopamine neuron activity in the midbrain and dopamine release in the ventral striatum showed a profile of changes in cue- and reward-evoked responding that was not easily explained by a standard reinforcement learning model. An alternative model based on learning causal relationships was better able to capture evoked dopamine responses during contingency degradation, as well as conditioned behavior following optogenetic manipulations of dopamine during noncontingent rewards. Our results suggest that mesostriatal dopamine encodes the contingencies between meaningful events during learning.
Dissertation•
28 Jan 2012
TL;DR: The results from both chapters suggest that the acquisition of visuomotor links conforms to the principles of associative learning established through the study of conditioning in humans and animals.
Abstract: In order to imitate the actions of others actors must solve the visuomotor
correspondence problem: Visual representations of actions must somehow be ‘matched-up’
with their corresponding motor programs. In addition, hypothesised motor
contributions to perception require a solution to the reverse motor-to-visual
correspondence problem. This thesis is concerned with the origins of visuomotor
correspondence knowledge – how actors match visual representations of actions to the
corresponding motor representations.
Chapter 1 describes rival accounts of the acquisition of visuomotor correspondence
knowledge and evaluates the evidence for each. Two types of theory are reviewed:
Associative solutions - which argue that correlated sensorimotor experience is necessary
to link visual and motor representations - and nativist solutions - which posit innate
visuomotor links or innate means to achieve such connections.
The first two empirical chapters address previous findings that appear to challenge
associative accounts. Experiments 1 and 2 (Chapter 2) sought a better understanding of
the mechanisms mediating superior recognition of self-produced movements relative to
those produced by friends. Experiments 3 and 4 (Chapter 3) sought to identify the
conditions necessary for the refinement of visuomotor correspondences. The results
from these experiments indicate that our ability to match observed and executed actions
is mediated by links acquired associatively during correlated sensorimotor experience.
Chapters 4 and 5 sought to determine which associative solution best describes the
acquisition of visuomotor links. Experiments 5 and 6 (Chapter 4) tested whether the
acquisition of visuomotor links is sensitive to contingency, while Experiments 7 and 8
(Chapter 5) sought to determine whether ‘second-learned’ visuomotor links are subject
to contextual modulation. The results from both chapters suggest that the acquisition of
visuomotor links conforms to the principles of associative learning established through
the study of conditioning in humans and animals.
Cites background from "Probability of shock in the presenc..."
...It has been known for at least 40 years that these mechanisms depend on contingency (Rescorla, 1968)....
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Dissertation•
13 Dec 2013
TL;DR: In this article, a nouvelle situation experimentale that nous avons appelee Stroop musical is presented, in which a note, presentee dans different positions, dans thequelle un nom de note, congruent ou incongruent avec the position, is ecrit.
Abstract: Ce travail de these a pour but d’examiner l’emergence et l’evolution du caractere obligatoire des automatismes cognitifs. Pour satisfaire cet objectif, nous avons concu une nouvelle situation experimentale que nous avons appelee Stroop musical. Il s’agit d’une portee en cle de sol comprenant une note, presentee dans differentes positions, dans laquelle un nom de note, congruent ou incongruent avec la position, est ecrit. Nous avons montre, a l’aide de ce paradigme, que les musiciens traitent plus lentement les noms de notes dans la condition incongruente que dans la condition congruente (Etude 1). Cet effet, nomme effet Stroop musical (MSE), est genere par l’automaticite de la denomination de notes. Le Stroop musical offre la possibilite d’etudier l’evolution du caractere obligatoire de la denomination de notes en evitant les biais lies a l’âge des sujets. Ainsi, nous avons teste plusieurs groupes d’enfants musiciens d’âge similaire dont le niveau de solfege variait de 1 a 5 ans. Nos resultats indiquent une relation lineaire positive entre le MSE et le niveau de pratique musicale (Etude 3), ce qui tend a montrer que le caractere obligatoire du traitement automatique augmente de facon monotone avec la pratique. En soumettant des musiciens adultes (Etude 2) et enfants (Etude 4) aux deux tâches conflictuelles du paradigme de Stroop musical, la lecture de mots et la denomination de notes, nous avons egalement revele que le pattern d’interference depend de la force relative des deux traitements en competition. Enfin, nous avons constate que l’automaticite de la denomination de notes persiste malgre un arret total et prolonge de la pratique (Etude 5).
References
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TL;DR: This "truly random" control procedure leads to a new conception of Pavlovian conditioning postulating that the contingency between CS and US, rather than the pairing of CS andUS, is the important event in conditioning.
Abstract: The traditional control procedures for Pavlovian conditioning are examined and each is found wanting. Some procedures introduce nonassociative factors not present in the experimental procedure while others transform the excitatory, experimental CS-US contingency into an inhibitory contingency. An alternative control procedure is suggested in which there is no contingency whatsoever between CS and US. This \"truly random\" control procedure leads to a new conception of Pavlovian conditioning postulating that the contingency between CS and US, rather than the pairing of CS and US, is the important event in conditioning. The fruitfulness of this new conception of Pavlovian conditioning is illustrated by 2 experimental results.
1,328 citations
301 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, three groups of dogs were trained with different kinds of Pavlovian fear conditioning for three different types of dogs: randomly and independently; for a second group, CSs predicted the occurrence of USs; and for a third group, S predicted the absence of the USs.
Abstract: Three groups of dogs were Sidman avoidance trained They then received different kinds of Pavlovian fear conditioning For one group CSs and USs occurred randomly and independently; for a second group, CSs predicted the occurrence of USs; for a third group, CSs predicted the absence of the USs The CSs were subsequently presented while S performed the avoidance response CSs which had predicted the occurrence or the absence of USs produced, respectively, increases and decreases in avoidance rate For the group with random CSs and USs in conditioning, the CS had no effect upon avoidance
160 citations
64 citations
TL;DR: Rats in an experimental group were given 30 trials of differential CER and then the CS+ and CS− were combined during CER extinction, resulting in less suppression for the experimental group than shown by a control group, interpreted as a demonstration of the active inhibitory properties of CS−.
Abstract: Rats in an experimental group were given 30 trials of differential CER and then the CS+ and CS− were combined during CER extinction. The combination resulted in less suppression for the experimental group than shown by a control group which had a CS+ and a formerly random stimulus combined during extinction. This was interpreted as a demonstration of the active inhibitory properties of CS−.
44 citations
"Probability of shock in the presenc..." refers background in this paper
...Although such an account is plausible for the present data, it fails to explain the active inhibition of fear found by Rescorla and LoLordo (1965), Rescorla (1966), and Hammond (1967)....
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