Probability of shock in the presence and absence of CS in fear conditioning.
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...The power PC theory predicts that reasoners will judge X to be inhibitory in this design, consistent with Pavlov's (1927) and Rescorla's (1969) findings using animals and Williams's (1995) and Williams and Docking's (1995) findings using humans with inference tasks. The only contrast for X when alternative causes are controlled (i.e., P(e\CAX) - P(e\CAX) is negative. Equation 14—the equation for evaluating inhibitory power—therefore applies, yielding the prediction that X would become an inhibitor. This contrast is also the one computed by the R-W model for X. Because every stimulus combination in this design except the one with a single stimulus can be characterized as a superset of all combinations with fewer stimuli, the design is nested, and the model computes the contrast for X conditional on the cues in the next smaller combination, CA. The R-W model therefore makes the same prediction as the power PC theory. Extinction of conditioned inhibition. The extinction of a conditioned inhibiting stimulus (such as X described earlier) occurs when new information leads to X no longer being perceived as preventive. Under a "direct" procedure, the conditioned inhibiting stimulus X is subsequently presented alone with no outcome (X—). Letting C represent the context as before, the design is C- and CX-. The intervening experience with X in the absence of excitatory cause A yields the contrast P(e\ CAX) - P(CAX) = 0. Because the design is nested in this phase, this contrast is the one computed by the R-W model for X. This model therefore predicts that the inhibitory power of X will become extinguished. According to the power PC theory, however, this contrast is uninterpretable as an estimate of the inhibitory power of X: Prior causal knowledge about X indicates that Equation 14 is relevant, and, for this contrast, P(e\i) in this equation equals 0. The new information therefore does not conflict with the estimate for X obtained in the earlier phase. Accordingly, this intervening experience will not alter the previous estimate, and the direct procedure will not lead to the extinction of conditioned inhibition.(10) Experiments using this design with both humans and laboratory animals have supported this prediction of the power PC theory, contradicting that of the R-W model. Zimmer-Hart and Rescorla (1974) found that when a conditioned inhibitory stimulus (a light flash) was presented alone with no outcome, it retained its inhibitory strength in later summation trials when paired with a novel excitatory stimulus (a tone). Yarlas et al. (1995) replicated this pattern of results on a summation test using humans with a causal inference task....
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...The power PC theory predicts that reasoners will judge X to be inhibitory in this design, consistent with Pavlov's (1927) and Rescorla's (1969) findings using animals and Williams's (1995) and Williams and Docking's (1995) findings using humans with inference tasks....
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...…by the R-W model for many well-known designs or adaptations of them in the classical conditioning literature: unconditional contingency (e.g., Rescorla, 1968; Wassermanetal ., 1993), blocking (e.g., Chapman &Robbins, 1990; Fratianne & Cheng, 1995; Kamin, 1968; Shanks, 1991), induced…...
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...For the traditional contingency model, this means that unconditional contingency is what the reasoner is assumed to compute (e.g., Baker et al., 1989, 1993; Chapman & Robbins, 1990; Dickinson et al., 1984; Price & Yates, 1993; Rescorla, 1968; Shaklee & Tucker, 1980; Shanks, 1985a, 1985b, 1987, 1991; Ward & Jenkins, 1965; Wasserman et al., 1993)....
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...…that unconditional contingency is what the reasoner is assumed to compute (e.g., Baker et al., 1989, 1993; Chapman & Robbins, 1990; Dickinson et al., 1984; Price & Yates, 1993; Rescorla, 1968; Shaklee & Tucker, 1980; Shanks, 1985a, 1985b, 1987, 1991; Ward & Jenkins , 1965; Wasserman et al., 1993)....
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"Probability of shock in the presenc..." refers background in this paper
...Although such an account is plausible for the present data, it fails to explain the active inhibition of fear found by Rescorla and LoLordo (1965), Rescorla (1966), and Hammond (1967)....
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