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Journal ArticleDOI

Probability Relations within Response Sequences under Ratio Reinforcement.

01 Apr 1958-Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior)-Vol. 1, Iss: 2, pp 109-121
About: This article is published in Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.The article was published on 1958-04-01 and is currently open access. It has received 264 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Reinforcement.

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the absence of external stimulus control, rats and pigeons typically show median response runs equivalent to the ratio requirement before switching to a second operandum.
Abstract: In the absence of external stimulus control, rats and pigeons typically show median response runs equivalent to the ratio requirement before switching to a second operandum. Attempts to interrupt the ratio run only temporarily disrupted the number of responses prior to a switch. Neither novel stimuli (pigeon) nor electric shock (rat) produced lasting disruption in the “count” of ratio behavior.

1 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that learning the number words and the counting routine may allow one to mark in memory the number of increments that composed to form a magnitude, thereby creating a precise representation of cardinality.
Abstract: There is at present a lively debate in cognitive psychology concerning the origin of natural number concepts. At the center of this debate is the system of mental magnitudes, an innately given cognitive mechanism that represents cardinality and that performs a variety of arithmetical operations. Most participants in the debate argue that this system cannot be the sole source of natural number concepts, because they take it to represent cardinality approximately while natural number concepts are precise. In this paper, I argue that the claim that mental magnitudes represent cardinality approximately overlooks the distinction between a magnitude and the increments that compose to form that magnitude. While magnitudes do indeed represent cardinality approximately, they are composed of a precise number of increments. I argue further that learning the number words and the counting routine may allow one to mark in memory the number of increments that composed to form a magnitude, thereby creating a precise representation of cardinality.

1 citations


Cites background from "Probability Relations within Respon..."

  • ...For early results see e.g., Mechner (1958), Platt and Johnson (1971), and Meck and Church (1983)....

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Journal ArticleDOI

1 citations

01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: It is shown here how the design of the experimental apparatus and training procedure changed over time from a one-size-fits-all system to a system that addressed more of the challenges faced in the rapidly changing environment.
Abstract: 207 Experiment 1 211 Method 211 Participants 211 Apparatus 212 Stimuli 213 Training 214

1 citations


Cites background or methods from "Probability Relations within Respon..."

  • ...In a paradigm developed by Mechner (1958), rats were required to make a certain number of responses in order to obtain a reward....

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  • ...For example, when rats (Mechner, 1958; Platt & Johnson, 1971), pigeons (Columba livia; Xia, Emmerton, Siemann, & Delius, 2001; Xia, Siemann, & Delius, 2000), and chimpanzees (Beran and Rumbaugh, 2001) are required to make a certain number of responses, there is a proportional increase in the…...

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  • ...Whalen et al. (1999) adapted the procedure that Mechner (1958) and Platt and Johnson (1971) used with rats to study nonverbal counting in adult humans....

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  • ...…performing numerical tasks with stimuli that far exceed the classic subitizing range (e.g., Beran, 2001, 2004; Brannon & Terrace, 1998; 2000; Cantlon & Brannon, 2006; Lipton & Spelke, 2003; Matsuzawa, 1985; Mechner, 1958; Olthof, Iden, & Roberts, 1997; Washburn & Rumbaugh, 1991; Xu & Spelke, 2000)....

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References
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01 Jan 1938

3,337 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: I am indebted to Professor Lighthill for some further illuminating remarks regarding this point and his comments on Heisenberg's Theory of Isotropic Turbulence are highly illuminating.
Abstract: 1 G. K. Batchelor, The Theory of Homogeneous Turbulence (Cambridge: At the University Press, 1954). 2 G. K. Batchelor and A. A. Townsend, \"Decay of Turbulence in the Final Period of Decay,\" Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A, 194, 527-543, 1948. 3 W. Heisenberg, \"Zur statistischen Theorie der Turbulenz,\" Z. Physik, 124, 628-657, 1948. 4W. H. Reid, \"Two Remarks on Heisenberg's Theory of Isotropic Turbulence,\" Quart. Appl. Math. 14, 201-205, 1956. 6 Cf. M. J. Lighthill, Nature, 173, 746, 1954. I am indebted to Professor Lighthill for some further illuminating remarks regarding this point.

133 citations