Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: impact on the gut immune system and allergic reactions.
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1,247 citations
Cites background from "Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiot..."
...Synbiotics are used not only for the improved survival of beneficial microorganisms added to food or feed, but also for the stimulation of the proliferation of specific native bacterial strains present in the gastrointestinal tract [179]....
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References
7,567 citations
"Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiot..." refers background in this paper
...The result of interactions among intestinal contents, unique anatomical features, and immune and nonimmune cells is an environment that favors the tolerance by the induction of IgA antibodies (by TGF- -secreting Th3 cells) and CD4 Tregs (producing IL-10 and IFN- )....
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...These studies evidenced a reduction in the allergic response, characterized by a decreased Th2 response (reduced production of specific IgG1, IgE, and IL-4) and an increased Th1 response (augmentation of TNF- and IFN- production)....
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...IL-12 IL-12 enables the differentiation of naive T cells into Th1 lymphocytes, which are involved in the tolerance and defense mechanisms of the host against pathogens via the production of different inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2 and IFN- [58]....
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7,232 citations
"Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiot..." refers background in this paper
...Prebiotics have been defined as “nondigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or the activity of one or a limited number of bacterial species already resident in the colon, and thus attempt to improve host health” [2, 3]....
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...A combination of probiotic(s) and prebiotic(s) constitutes a synbiotic [2, 16], which can stimulate and increase the survival of probiotic and autochthonous-specific strains in the intestinal tract....
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6,308 citations
"Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiot..." refers background in this paper
...The PRR known to mediate the differentiation of Tregs and Th17 cells appears to be TLR2, which is able to recognize lipoteichoic acid on Gram bacteria [65, 66]....
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...Tregs, through their IL-10 and TGF- production, are able to check the immune response, block Th1 (autoimmune diseases) or Th2 (allergic diseases) hyperpolarization, and thus, regulate the Th1/ Th2 balance....
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...The result of interactions among intestinal contents, unique anatomical features, and immune and nonimmune cells is an environment that favors the tolerance by the induction of IgA antibodies (by TGF- -secreting Th3 cells) and CD4 Tregs (producing IL-10 and IFN- )....
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...Naı̈ve CD4 T cells are also converted into potent immunosuppressive cells, CD4 CD25 Tregs, by TGF- [62]....
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...This is a cytokine that acts primarily to inhibit the inflammatory response, produced by many cell types (Th2 cells, DCs, monocytes, B cells, and Tregs) [81]....
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4,669 citations
"Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiot..." refers background in this paper
...Indeed, it has been demonstrated that Lactobacillus sakei induces the expression of IL-1 , IL-8, and TNF- (proinflammatory), whereas Lactobacillus johnsonii stimulates the production of TGF- (anti-inflammatory) in Caco-2 cells [76]....
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...Tregs, through their IL-10 and TGF- production, are able to check the immune response, block Th1 (autoimmune diseases) or Th2 (allergic diseases) hyperpolarization, and thus, regulate the Th1/ Th2 balance....
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...TGF- , IL-6, and IL-1 TGF- , IL-6, and IL-1 are involved in the generation of Th17 cells....
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...The result of interactions among intestinal contents, unique anatomical features, and immune and nonimmune cells is an environment that favors the tolerance by the induction of IgA antibodies (by TGF- -secreting Th3 cells) and CD4 Tregs (producing IL-10 and IFN- )....
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...Naı̈ve CD4 T cells are also converted into potent immunosuppressive cells, CD4 CD25 Tregs, by TGF- [62]....
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4,196 citations
"Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiot..." refers background in this paper
...These cells secrete IL-17 and IL-22, which are critical to regulating tissue inflammation [60]....
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