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Journal ArticleDOI

Problèmes de linguistique générale

01 Mar 1968-Language (Gallimard)-Vol. 44, Iss: 1, pp 91
About: This article is published in Language.The article was published on 1968-03-01. It has received 1838 citations till now.
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore engagement at the level of events and even metapropositions, and comment on how such systems may evolve, in terms of communicative behaviour, for intersubjective coordination to be managed by engagement systems.
Abstract: Engagement systems encode the relative accessibility of an entity or state of affairs to the speaker and addressee, and are thus underpinned by our social cognitive capacities. In our first foray into engagement (Part 1), we focused on specialised semantic contrasts as found in entity-level deictic systems, tailored to the primal scenario for establishing joint attention. This second paper broadens out to an exploration of engagement at the level of events and even metapropositions, and comments on how such systems may evolve. The languages Andoke and Kogi demonstrate what a canonical system of engagement with clausal scope looks like, symmetrically assigning ‘knowing’ and ‘unknowing’ values to speaker and addressee. Engagement is also found cross-cutting other epistemic categories such as evidentiality, for example where a complex assessment of relative speaker and addressee awareness concerns the source of information rather than the proposition itself. Data from the language Abui reveal that one way in which engagement systems can develop is by upscoping demonstratives, which normally denote entities, to apply at the level of events. We conclude by stressing the need for studies that focus on what difference it makes, in terms of communicative behaviour, for intersubjective coordination to be managed by engagement systems as opposed to other, non-grammaticalised means.

34 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors used the past tense as a kind of anti-presentperfect tense, contrasting past states of affairs with present ones, and used it as a marker of habituality in English.
Abstract: Contrary to the traditional account of habitual aspect in English, the only marker of habituality is will, with its past tense, would. Used tofunctions as a kind of anti-presentperfect tense, contrasting past states of affairs with present ones. In certain contexts, various tenses, and not merely the simple ones, may receive habitual interpretations, but these are not their meanings. Generic readings are contextual interpretations; there are no markers of generic aspect in English.

34 citations

Dissertation
03 Dec 2008
TL;DR: In this article, a travail de recherche propose to consider the pratique du cinema dans les salles Art et Essai comm as un processus dynamique de mise en relation des individus avec les films and des indivus entre eux.
Abstract: Dans une visee communicationnelle et sociologique, ce travail de recherche propose de penser la pratique du cinema dans les salles Art et Essai comme un processus dynamique de mise en relation des individus avec les films et des individus entre eux. Il repose sur deux enquetes par questionnaire auto-administre conduites aupres de spectateurs frequentant des salles de cinema Art et Essai de la region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur. Ces donnees sont completees par des analyses semio-discursives de critiques de cinema prelevees dans le magazine Telerama et dans le programme du cinema d'Art et Essai Utopia (Avignon) ainsi que par une serie d'analyses filmiques s'inscrivant dans le champ d'une sociologie esthetique du cinema. L'objectif est d'etudier la formation socio-discursive de la valeur dans le champ du cinema et de voir en quoi cette valeur participe de la constitution d'ensembles communautaires de pratiquants autour de la notion d'Art et Essai, en tant qu'elle circule et genere des representations. La premiere partie propose de definir l'objet de la recherche : la pratique du cinema dans les salles Art et Essai. Elle construit des outils permettant de saisir empiriquement cette pratique et demontre qu'elle engage un rapport specifique au social. La deuxieme partie montre que les recherches sur la pratique du cinema en salle reduisent, le plus souvent, l'activite spectatorielle a un geste d'appropriation des films alors que cette activite renvoie tout autant a un geste de constitution sociale de la valeur sociale des films. Enfin, la troisieme partie etudie la maniere dont les individus se positionnent et reagissent vis-a-vis de cette valeur. Elle montre qu'il y a une identite de l'Art et Essai autour de laquelle se constituent des agglomerats d'individus assimilables a des regroupements communautaires. Elle permet ainsi de repenser ces espaces de pratique a partir de la notion de communaute. En s'appuyant sur l'etude de la pratique cinematographique, cette recherche propose, plus largement, de discuter la pertinence de la question de l'(il)legitime des objets culturels.

34 citations

01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore how discourses of experience/experiment will have always been inextricable from the question of gender norms and argue that experience is ultimately impossible to delimit and define.
Abstract: iii The pre-revolutionary period in Europe is often called the age of enlightenment and experiment: an epoch marked by Bacon’s scientific experimentum, Locke and Hume’s experiential empiricism, and Diderot’s experimental fiction (to name but a few). But expérience, both “experiment” and “experience” in French, could refer to experimentations of all kinds, spanning from the scientific to the sexual, and thus raised serious concerns about what kinds of experiments ought to be undertaken and by whom. Which experiences are socially acceptable, and which are not? Who has the right to experiment/experience? When it comes to the education of “young women” in early modern France, it will not be experience but inexperience —a “lack of experience”— that becomes a regulatory ideal preconized in many old regime didactic treatises and educational tracts. In what ways is experience regulated by gender norms circumscribing who qualifies as a subject of experience, who can and cannot have experience, as well as what does and does not count as experience? How is experience distinguished from inexperience, and when do such distinctions founder? This philosophical inquiry follows the trope of “inexperience” from its appearance in select writings of early modern France to its contemporary legacies, exploring how discourses of experience/experiment will have always been inextricable from the question of gender norms. After touching upon theories of experience in the history of western philosophy (Chapter 1), this work then moves to certain early modern texts — by Crenne (Chapter 2), Du Plaisir (Chapter 3), Ducos (Chapter 4), and others— which theorize amorous experience in terms of its unlivedness and by the ways in which it cannot be experienced in presence or in person. Subverting the distinction between experience and its inexperience, these theories of unlived love suggest that experience, most especially amorous experience, is ultimately impossible to delimit and define. A closing coda, engaging with these early modern texts philosophically and reading them in terms of the history of philosophy, contends that these theories of unlived love prefigure the interrogation of self-present experience credited to Nietzsche, Wittgenstein, Derrida, and others, by laying siege to the metaphysical presuppositions that have long structured conceits of “experience,” from the Cartesian cogito to Husserl’s transcendental Ego.

34 citations