Problèmes de linguistique générale
About: This article is published in Language.The article was published on 1968-03-01. It has received 1838 citations till now.
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01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this classic of French cultural studies, Georges Didi-Huberman traces the intimate and reciprocal relationship between the disciplines of psychiatry and photography in the late nineteenth century, focusing on the immense photographic output of the Salpetriere hospital, the notorious Parisian asylum for insane and incurable women.
Abstract: In this classic of French cultural studies, Georges Didi-Huberman traces the intimate and reciprocal relationship between the disciplines of psychiatry and photography in the late nineteenth century. Focusing on the immense photographic output of the Salpetriere hospital, the notorious Parisian asylum for insane and incurable women, Didi-Huberman shows the crucial role played by photography in the invention of the category of hysteria. Under the direction of the medical teacher and clinician Jean-Martin Charcot, the inmates of Salpetriere identified as hysterics were methodically photographed, providing skeptical colleagues with visual proof of hysteria's specific form. These images, many of which appear in this book, provided the materials for the multivolume album Iconographie photographique de la Salpetriere. As Didi-Huberman shows, these photographs were far from simply objective documentation. The subjects were required to portray their hysterical "type" -- they performed their own hysteria. Bribed by the special status they enjoyed in the purgatory of experimentation and threatened with transfer back to the inferno of the incurables, the women patiently posed for the photographs and submitted to presentations of hysterical attacks before the crowds that gathered for Charcot's "Tuesday Lectures." Charcot did not stop at voyeuristic observation. Through techniques such as hypnosis, electroshock therapy, and genital manipulation, he instigated the hysterical symptoms in his patients, eventually giving rise to hatred and resistance on their part. Didi-Huberman follows this path from complicity to antipathy in one of Charcot's favorite "cases," that of Augustine, whose image crops up again and again in the Iconographie. Augustine's virtuosic performance of hysteria ultimately became one of self-sacrifice, seen in pictures of ecstasy, crucifixion, and silent cries.
148 citations
13 Apr 2005
TL;DR: In Dutch dialects, verbs and complementizers can bear different morphological affixes depending on which nominal element they agree with in their local syntactic domain this article, where the syntactic component determines which local nominal elements qualify for agreement with the verb or complementizer, depending on the specificity of the affix.
Abstract: In Dutch dialects, verbs and complementizers can bear different morphological affixes depending on which nominal element they agree with in their local syntactic domain. For instance, in a dialect such as tegelen Dutch, the complementizer agrees with the first conjunct of a coordinated subject, while in Lapscheure Dutch, the complementizer agrees with the coordinated subject as a whole.
Using a vast array of new data on complementizer agreement, first conjunct agreement, agreement with pronouns, verbal agreement and subject doubling in Dutch dialects, this study argues that the interplay between syntax and morphology is more intricate than has hitherto been assumed. More precisely, it is shown that the syntactic component determines which local nominal elements qualify for agreement with the verb or complementizer, depending on the specificity of the affix.
The analysis is extended to similar syntactic contexts in typologically different languages such as Irish, Hebrew, Finnish, Tsez and Arabic.
145 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the caractere designationnel de la denomination, denominateur commun de ces definitions, is analyzed and a distinction is made between two types of relations: a relation of denomination ordinaire and a relation de denomination metalinguistique.
Abstract: En linguistique, la denomination est un concept aux contours mal delimites dont l'extension varie considerablement selon les theories et les auteurs. Les definitions « larges » la presentent comme la relation qui unit une expression linguistique a une entite extralinguistique ; les definitions « moyennes » l'assimilent au rapport qui s'etablit entre une unite codee, item lexical en tete, et son referent ; les definitions « restreintes », enfin, la limitent au lien designationnel entre la categorie grammaticale nominale, dans laquelle on privilegie le substantif, et la classe ou categorie referentielle correspondante. Toutes se rejoignent, en fait, pour y voir la designation d'un etre ou d'une chose extra-linguistique par un nominarne ). Mais si elles s'accordent sur la dimension referentielle, elles se separent sur la definition du nom. Pour eviter la circularite qui consisterait a definir le nom comme le signe d'une denomination et la denomination comme une designation a l'aide d'un nom, nous prendrons comme point de depart de notre analyse le caractere designationnel de la denomination, denominateur commun de ces definitions. Nous examinerons, comme le fait C. Fuchs (1982) pour la paraphrase, les formes linguistiques de sa verbalisation pour en degager progressivement, par opposition a la relation generique de designation, les differents parametres constitutifs. Nous montrerons d'abord la necessite d'un codage referentiel prealable et, a partir de la, poserons le probleme du nom a ses differents niveaux d'interpretations. La prise en compte du statut du referent denomme nous amenera finalement a distinguer deux types de relations denominatives : une relation de denomination ordinaire et une relation de denomination metalinguistique.
144 citations
Book•
15 Aug 2013TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss Second Language Identity and Study Abroad in Narrative, Second Language, Identity-Related Second Language Competence and Linguistic Self-Concept.
Abstract: 1. Introduction: Narrative, Second Language Identity and Study Abroad PART I: SECOND LANGUAGE IDENTITY AND STUDY ABROAD 2. Second Language Identity 3. Study Abroad PART II: DIMENSIONS OF SECOND LANGUAGE IDENTITY 4. Identity-Related Second Language Competence 5. Linguistic Self-Concept 6. Second Language-Mediated Personal Competence PART III: PROGRAMMES AND PEOPLE 7. Programmes 8. People 9. Improving the Effectiveness of Study Abroad Programmes 10. Conclusion: Second Language Identity and Study Abroad Revisited
137 citations
TL;DR: A representation scheme that describes the temporal evolution of the expression of an emotion is defined that is no longer represented by a static definition but by a temporally ordered sequence of multimodal signals.
Abstract: Over the past few years we have been developing an expressive embodied conversational agent system. In particular, we have developed a model of multimodal behaviours that includes dynamism and complex facial expressions. The first feature refers to the qualitative execution of behaviours. Our model is based on perceptual studies and encompasses several parameters that modulate multimodal behaviours. The second feature, the model of complex expressions, follows a componential approach where a new expression is obtained by combining facial areas of other expressions. Lately we have been working on adding temporal dynamism to expressions. So far they have been designed statically, typically at their apex. Only full-blown expressions could be modelled. To overcome this limitation, we have defined a representation scheme that describes the temporal evolution of the expression of an emotion. It is no longer represented by a static definition but by a temporally ordered sequence of multimodal signals.
136 citations