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Process measurement and analysis
01 Jan 2003-
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a detailed description of the characteristics of a flowmetering system and its application in a variety of applications, including the following: anemometers BTU Flowmeters for Heat Exchangers BTUs for Gaseous Fuels Cross-Correlation Flow Metering Elbow Taps Flow Switches Jet Deflection Flow Detectors Laminar Flow Meters, Magnetic FlowMeters, Coriolis Mass Flow-meters-Miscellaneous Mass Flowmetmers-Thermal Metering Pumps Orifices Pitot Tubes and
Abstract: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Flowsheet Symbols and P&I Diagrams Functional Diagrams and Function Symbols Instrument Terminology and Performance System Accuracy Uncertainty Calculations Configuring Intelligent Devices Instrument Installation Instrument Calibration Response Time and Drift Testing Redundant and Voting Systems Instrument Evaluation Binary Logic Diagrams FLOW MEASUREMENT Application and Selection Anemometers BTU Flowmeters for Heat Exchangers BTU Flowmeters for Gaseous Fuels Cross-Correlation Flow Metering Elbow Taps Flow Switches Jet Deflection Flow Detectors Laminar Flowmeters Magnetic Flowmeters Mass Flowmeters, Coriolis Mass Flowmeters-Miscellaneous Mass Flowmeters-Thermal Metering Pumps Orifices Pitot Tubes and Area Averaging Units Polyphase (Oil/Water/Gas) Flowmeters Positive-Displacement Gas Flowmeters Positive-Displacement Liquid Meters and Provers Purge Flow Regulators Segmental Wedge Flowmeter Sight Flow Indicators Solids Flowmeters and Feeders Target Meters Turbine and Other Rotary Element Flowmeters Ultrasonic Flowmeters Variable-Area, Gap, and Vane Flowmeters V-Cone Flowmeter Venturi Tubes, Flow Tubes, and Flow Nozzles Vortex and Fluidic Flowmeters Weirs and Flumes LEVEL MEASUREMENT Application and Selection Bubblers Capacitance and Radio Frequency (RF) Admittance Probes Conductivity and Field Effect Level Switches Diaphragm Level Detectors Differential Pressure Level Detectors Displacer Level Detectors Float Level Devices Laser Level Sensors Level Gauges, Including Magnetic Microwave Level Switches Optical Level Devices Radar, Noncontacting Level Sensors Radar, Contact Level Sensors (TDR, GWR, PDS) Radiation Level Sensors Resistance Tapes Rotating Paddle Switches Tank Gauges Including Float-Type Tape Gauges Thermal Level Sensors Time Domain Reflectometry and Phase Difference Sensors Ultrasonic Level Detectors Vibrating Level Switches TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT Application and Selection Bimetallic Thermometers Calibrators and Simulators Color Indicators, Crayons, Pellets Fiber-Optic Thermometers Filled-Bulb and Glass-Stem Thermometers Integrated Circuitry (IC) Transistors and Diodes Miscellaneous Temperature Sensors Pneumatic and Suction Pyrometers Pyrometric Cones Radiation and Infrared Pyrometers Quartz Crystal Thermometry Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) Temperature Switches and Thermostats Thermistors Thermocouples Thermowells Ultrasonic Thermometers PRESSURE MEASUREMENT Selection and Application Accessories: Seals, Snubbers, Calibrators, and Manifolds Bellows-Type Pressure Sensors Bourdon and Helical Pressure Sensors Diaphragm or Capsule-Type Sensors Differential Pressure Instruments Electronic Pressure Sensors High-Pressure Sensors Manometers Multiple Pressure Scanners Multiple Pressure Scanners Pressure Gauges Pressure Repeaters Pressure and Differential Pressure Switches Vacuum Sensors DENSITY MEASUREMENT Density: Applications and Selection Displacement- and Float-Type Densitometers Hydrometers Hydrostatic Densitometers Oscillating Coriolis Densitometer (Gas, Liquid, and Slurry Services) Radiation Densitometers Ultrasonic Sludge and Slurry Densitometers Liquid/Slurry/Gas Density-Vibrating Densitometers Weight-Based and Miscellaneous Densitometers Gas Densitometers SAFETY AND MISCELLANEOUS SENSORS Boroscopes Electrical and Intrinsic Safety Electrical Meters and Sensors Energy Management Devices (Peak Load Shedding) Excess Flow and Regular Check Valves Explosion Suppression and Deluge Systems Flame Arresters, Conservation Vents, and Emergency Vents Flame, Fire, and Smoke Detectors Leak Detectors Linear and Angular Position Detection Machine Vision Technology Metal Detectors Noise Sensors Proximity Sensors and Limit Switches Relief Valves-Determination of Required Capacity Relief Valves-Sizing, Specification, and Installation Rupture Discs Soft Sensors Tachometers and Angular Speed Detectors Thickness and Dimension Measurement Torque and Force Transducers Vibration, Shock, and Acceleration Weather Stations Weighing Systems: General Considerations Weight Sensors ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION Analyzer Application and Selection Analyzer Sampling: Process Samples Analyzer Sampling: Stack Particulates Analyzers Operating on Electrochemical Principles Air Quality Monitoring Biometers Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Total Oxygen Demand Calorimeters Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Chromatographs: Gas Chromatographs: Liquid Coal Analyzers Colorimeters Combustibles Conductivity Analyzers Consistency Analyzers Corrosion Monitoring Differential Vapor Pressure Sensor Dioxin Analysis Elemental Monitors Fiber-Optic Probes Fluoride Analyzers Hydrocarbon Analyzers Hydrogen Sulfide Infrared Analyzers Ion-Selective Electrodes Mass Spectrometers Mercury in Air Mercury in Water Moisture in Air: Humidity and Dew Point Moisture in Gases and Liquids Moisture in Solids Molecular Weight Nitrate, Ammonia, and Total Nitrogen Nitrogen Oxide Analyzers Odor Detection Oil in or on Water Open Path Spectrometry Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) Oxygen in Gases Oxygen in Liquids (Dissolved Oxygen) Ozone in Gas Ozone in Water Particulates, Opacity, Dust, and Smoke Particle Size and Distribution Monitors pH Measurement Phosphorus Analyzer Physical Properties Analyzers - ASTM Methods Raman Analyzers Refractometers Rheometers Streaming Current or Particle Charge Analyzer Sulfur-in-Oil Analyzers Sulfur Oxide Analyzers Thermal Conductivity Detectors Total Carbon Analyzers Toxic Gas Monitoring Turbidity, Sludge, and Suspended Solids Ultraviolet and Visible Analyzers Viscometers-Application and Selection Viscometers-Laboratory Viscometers-Industrial Water Quality Monitoring Wet Chemistry and Autotitrator Analyzers APPENDIX International System of Units Engineering Conversion Factors Chemical Resistance of Materials Composition of Metallic and Other Materials Steam and Water Tables Friction Loss in Pipes Tank Volumes Directory of "Lost" Companies INDEX
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the techniques proposed in the literature for the monitoring of flames, either applied to or conceived for monitoring of practical combustion equipment, dealing respectively with optical sensors, imaging techniques, pressure transducers and probing methods.
295 citations
TL;DR: A water level measurement using an interdigital capacitive sensor with low-cost, low-energy, good repeatability, high linearity, and ease of installation is proposed with a support of experimental results.
Abstract: A water level measurement using an interdigital capacitive sensor with low-cost, low-energy, good repeatability, high linearity, and ease of installation is proposed with a support of experimental results. This sensor comprises a printed circuit board (PCB) with configuration of two interpenetrating comb electrodes. The comb electrode is 70–80 mm width, 300 mm height with 1–2 mm spacing between each comb. This configuration of electrode causes the capacitance between comb electrodes to vary by the water level. Microcontroller is used to calculate the capacitance between comb electrodes in terms of a discharge time correlated to the water level. A practical water level measurement technique using two comb electrodes designated as level and reference sensors is presented. This technique can directly be applied to water with different conditions without recalibration. This sensor is able to measure absolute levels of water with 0.2 cm resolution over 30 cm range. In addition, it is also sensitive enough to trace the variability of water level. A flood monitoring simulation is carried out in wave flume where this sensor is used to detect the rising wave.
128 citations
TL;DR: An attempt has been made to design a low-cost noncontact capacitance-type level sensor for a conducting liquid that is found to have good linearity and repeatability within acceptable limits.
Abstract: In this paper, an attempt has been made to design a low-cost noncontact capacitance-type level sensor for a conducting liquid. The sensor is in the form of a uniform circular cylinder made of insulating material like glass, ceramic, plastic, etc. The sensor is connected with the metallic- or nonmetallic-type liquid storage tank, in which the conducting liquid column is taken as one electrode, and a noninductively wound short-circuited outside coil is taken as the other electrode of a variable capacitor. The change in capacitance due to the change of liquid level is measured by a modified linear operational-amplifier-based De' Sauty bridge network with adjustable bridge sensitivity. The bridge output after amplification and rectification may be used to drive a direct current indicator calibrated in level. The studies have been made with high-density polyethylene and glass tube sensors separately in both metallic and nonmetallic storage tanks with tap water as the conducting liquid, and the experimental results of the static characteristics of the level sensors with percentage error from linearity are presented in the paper. These results are found to have good linearity and repeatability within acceptable limits
99 citations
Cites background from "Process measurement and analysis"
...Index Terms—Cylindrical capacitor, error capacitance, glass tube level sensors, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tube level sensors, liquid level measurement, modified De’ Sauty bridge, noncontact capacitive level sensor....
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...However, this type of measuring system is much costlier than the other similar instruments....
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TL;DR: A capacitive sensor converts a change in position, or properties of dielectric material into an electrical signal as discussed by the authors, which is used in a variety of industrial and automotive application.
Abstract: The capacitive sensors are used in a variety of industrial and automotive application. A capacitive sensor converts a change in position, or properties of dielectric material into an electrical sig...
71 citations
Cites background from "Process measurement and analysis"
...47(7) 219 –224 © The Institute of Measurement and Control 2014 Reprints and permissions: sagepub....
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TL;DR: This study presents a review of the main DGA monitors, single- or multi-gas, their most important specifications, accuracy, repeatability and measurement range, the types of installation, valve or closed loop, and number of analogue inputs and outputs.
Abstract: Power transformers are the most important assets of electric power substations. The reliability in the operation of electric power transmission and distribution is due to the correct operation and maintenance of power transformers. The parameters that are most used to assess the health status of power transformers are dissolved gas analysis (DGA), oil quality analysis (OQA) and content of furfuraldehydes (FFA) in oil. The parameter that currently allows for simple online monitoring in an energized transformer is the DGA. Although most of the DGA continues to be done in the laboratory, the trend is online DGA monitoring, since it allows for detection or diagnosis of the faults throughout the life of the power transformers. This study presents a review of the main DGA monitors, single- or multi-gas, their most important specifications, accuracy, repeatability and measurement range, the types of installation, valve or closed loop, and number of analogue inputs and outputs. This review shows the differences between the main existing DGA monitors and aims to help in the selection of the most suitable DGA monitoring approach according to the needs of each case.
67 citations
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Book•
11 Jun 2001
TL;DR: Instrumentation and Measurement as mentioned in this paper, the authors present a survey of instrumentation and measurement for chemistry and physics applications in the field of signal conditioning and signal acquisition and recording.
Abstract: Instrumentation and Measurement--Introductory. Sensors and Transducers. Signal Conditioning. General--Purpose Instrumentation and Measurement. Electrical Variables. Electromagnetic Variables. Mechanical Variables. Time, Frequency and Phase. Noise and Distortion. Power and Energy. Instrumentation for Chemistry and Physics. Interferometers and Spectrometers. Microscopy. Data Acquisition and Recording. Testing Methods.
95 citations