Process systems engineering issues and applications towards reducing carbon dioxide emissions through conversion technologies
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review issues and applications for sustainable carbon dioxide conversion processes, specifically through chemical conversion, and the integration of the conversion processes with other systems from a process systems engineering (PSE) viewpoint.
Abstract: This paper reviews issues and applications for design of sustainable carbon dioxide conversion processes, specifically through chemical conversion, and the integration of the conversion processes with other systems from a process systems engineering (PSE) viewpoint. Systematic and computer-aided methods and tools for reaction network generation, processing route generation, process design/optimization, and sustainability analysis are reviewed with respect to carbon dioxide conversion. Also, the relevant gaps and opportunities are highlighted. In addition, the integration of carbon dioxide conversion processes with other systems including coexisting infrastructure and carbon dioxide sources is described. Then, the importance of PSE based studies for such application is discussed. Finally, some perspectives on the status and future directions of carbon dioxide conversion technology and the development and use of PSE approaches are given.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the literature on the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides with the aim to provide state-of-the-art knowledge on the catalysts that can convert CO 2 to carbonates under ambient conditions is presented.
Abstract: Cyclic organic carbonates represent a relevant class of chemicals that can be prepared from CO2 by cycloaddition to epoxides. The application of efficient catalysts is crucial in allowing the cycloaddition reaction to proceed under very mild conditions of temperature, pressure, and CO2 concentration, thus resulting in a sustainable and carbon-balanced approach to CO2 conversion. This is particularly the case if impure waste CO2 could be employed as a feedstock. In this Review, we have critically analyzed the burgeoning literature on the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides with the aim to provide state-of-the-art knowledge on the catalysts that can convert CO2 to carbonates under ambient conditions. These have been systematically organized in families of compounds and critically scrutinized in terms of catalytic activity, availability and mechanistic features. Finally, we provide an overview on the catalytic systems able to function using diluted and impure CO2 as a feedstock.
483 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted using the Derwent Innovation patent database and more than 3000 number of patents was identified in the field of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and enhanced coal-bed methane (ECBM), chemical and fuel, mineral carbonation, biological algae cultivation and enhanced geothermal system (EGS), over 60% of these patents were published since the last 10 years, and a sharp increase in patents were seen in the last 5 years.
Abstract: There is rising concern on the increasing trend of global warming due to anthropogenic CO₂ emission which steers progress of carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects worldwide. However, due to high cost and uncertainties in long term geological storage, there is a growing inclination to include utilization, which re-use the CO2, hence carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS). Additionally, it is expected to generate income to offset the initial costs. This study methodically review patents on CO₂ utilization technologies for CCUS application published between year 1980–2017. It was conducted using the Derwent Innovation patent database and more than 3000 number of patents was identified. The patents identified are in the field of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and enhanced coal-bed methane (ECBM), chemical and fuel, mineral carbonation, biological algae cultivation and enhanced geothermal system (EGS). Over 60% of these patents were published since the last 10 years, and a sharp increase in patents were seen in the last 5 years (∼38%). The top major patent types are patents granted in the United States (US), China (CN) and Canada (CA) which makes of 3/5 of the overall patent type found. Recent patents published include enhancements to the state-of-the-art technologies and hybrid concepts such as in photo-bioreactor in algae cultivation, chemical reaction and EGS. From this study, it was found that further research for the best CO₂ utilization method which fulfil the need of an economic, safe, non-location dependent and environmentally friendly whilst efficiently mitigate the worldwide global warming issue is much needed.
180 citations
TL;DR: Most CO2 utilization technologies are at low technology readiness levels (TRLs), and screening to identify the most promising technologies should be conducted before allocating large RD co-electrolysis of CO2 and water for ethylene production as discussed by the authors.
59 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a reusable zirconium-based catalyst for the cycloaddition of CO 2 to propylene oxide (PO) was prepared by the surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC) methodology.
Abstract: A reusable zirconium-based catalyst for the cycloaddition of CO 2 to propylene oxide (PO) was prepared by the surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC) methodology. Accordingly, well-defined amounts of the ZrCl 4 ·(OEt 2 ) 2 precursor were grafted on the surface of silica dehydroxylated at 700 °C (SiO 2-700 ) and at 200 °C (SiO 2-200 ) in order to afford surface coordination compounds with different podality and chemical environment. The identity of the surface complexes was thoroughly investigated by FT-IR, elemental microanalysis and solid state NMR and applied as a recoverable and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the title reaction using pure CO 2 and flue gas samples from a cement factory. The observed catalytic activity for the isolated zirconium complexes is rationalized by means of systematic DFT calculations.
52 citations
TL;DR: A brief review of the available energy sources, CO2-emissions and management, and sustainable chemical processing, where energy consumption, CO 2-emission, as well as economics and environmental impacts are considered is presented in this paper.
Abstract: Energy is the driving force for growth and per-capita energy consumption is a key parameter for the development of a nation. Carbon dioxide emissions from burning of fossil fuels are the main concerns for global warming. This paper presents a brief review of the available energy sources, CO2-emissions and management, and sustainable chemical processing, where energy consumption, CO2-emission, as well as economics and environmental impacts are considered. Not all available energy sources have been utilized efficiently, while, the energy source causing the largest emission of CO2 is being used in the largest amount. The CO2 management is therefore looking at “curing” the problem rather than “preventing” it. Examples highlighting the synthesis, design and analysis of sustainable chemical processing are presented in the areas of utilization of biomass-based energy-chemicals production, carbon-capture and utilization to produce value added chemicals, and retrofit design of energy intensive chemical processes with significant reduction of energy-consumption are presented. These examples highlight issues of energy-sustainable design, energy-CO2 neutral design, energy-retrofit design, and energy-process intensification. Finally, some perspectives on the status and future directions of carbon dioxide management are outlined.
49 citations
Cites background from "Process systems engineering issues ..."
...Recent publications highlighting integrated solution approaches (Celebi et al, 2017; Roh et al, 2016a, Yue & You, 2014) are options worth investigating....
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...Efforts also need to be made to use green energy sources for power generation and integrate them with CO2 capture and utilization processes (Roh et al. 2016a)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of CO2, its synthetic reactions and their possible role in future CO2 mitigation schemes that have to match the scale of man-made CO2 in the atmosphere, which rapidly approaches 1 teraton.
Abstract: The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide is linked to climate changes; hence there is an urgent need to reduce the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere. The utilization of CO2 as a raw material in the synthesis of chemicals and liquid energy carriers offers a way to mitigate the increasing CO2 buildup. This review covers six important CO2 transformations namely: chemical transformations, photochemical reductions, chemical and electrochemical reductions, biological conversions, reforming and inorganic transformations. Furthermore, the vast research area of carbon capture and storage is reviewed briefly. This review is intended as an introduction to CO2, its synthetic reactions and their possible role in future CO2 mitigation schemes that has to match the scale of man-made CO2 in the atmosphere, which rapidly approaches 1 teraton.
1,771 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed to use CO2 for environmentally-benign physical and chemical processing that adds value to the process, using CO2 as an alternate medium or solvent or co-reactant or a combination of them.
1,541 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of recent developments and future perspectives in carbon dioxide usage for sustainable production of energy and chemicals and to reduce global warming is presented, focusing on the design of metal electrodes to improve their performance and recent developments of alternative approaches such as the application of ionic liquids as electrolytes and microorganisms as co-catalysts.
Abstract: This review highlights recent developments and future perspectives in carbon dioxide usage for the sustainable production of energy and chemicals and to reduce global warming. We discuss the heterogeneously catalysed hydrogenation, as well as the photocatalytic and electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 to hydrocarbons or oxygenates. Various sources of hydrogen are also reviewed in terms of their CO2 neutrality. Technologies have been developed for large-scale CO2 hydrogenation to methanol or methane. Their industrial application is, however, limited by the high price of renewable hydrogen and the availability of large-volume sources of pure CO2. With regard to the direct electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to value-added chemicals, substantial advances in electrodes, electrolyte, and reactor design are still required to permit the development of commercial processes. Therefore, in this review particular attention is paid to (i) the design of metal electrodes to improve their performance and (ii) recent developments of alternative approaches such as the application of ionic liquids as electrolytes and of microorganisms as co-catalysts. The most significant improvements both in catalyst and reactor design are needed for the photocatalytic functionalisation of CO2 to become a viable technology that can help in the usage of CO2 as a feedstock for the production of energy and chemicals. Apart from technological aspects and catalytic performance, we also discuss fundamental strategies for the rational design of materials for effective transformations of CO2 to value-added chemicals with the help of H2, electricity and/or light.
1,368 citations
TL;DR: The utilization of CO(2) as a building block may represent an interesting approach to synthetic methodologies less intensive in carbon and energy.
Abstract: The need to reduce the accumulation of CO2 into the atmosphere requires new technologies able to reduce the CO2 emission. The utilization of CO2 as a building block may represent an interesting approach to synthetic methodologies less intensive in carbon and energy. In this paper the general properties of carbon dioxide and its interaction with metal centres is first considered. The potential of carbon dioxide as a raw material in the synthesis of chemicals such as carboxylates, carbonates, carbamates is then discussed. The utilization of CO2 as source of carbon for the synthesis of fuels or other C1 molecules such as formic acid and methanol is also described and the conditions for its implementation are outlined. A comparison of chemical and biotechnological conversion routes of CO2 is made and the barriers to their exploitation are highlighted.
1,242 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the opportunities and prospects in the chemical recycling of carbon dioxide to fuels, as a complementary technology to carbon sequestration and storage (CSS), are analyzed, and it is remarked that the requisites for this objective are (i) minimize as much as possible the consumption of hydrogen (or hydrogen sources), (ii) produce fuels that can be easily stored and transported, and (iii) use renewable energy sources.
1,208 citations