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Journal ArticleDOI

Production of biogas and performance evaluation of existing treatment processes in palm oil mill effluent (POME)

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss various existing treatment processes (mainly anaerobic and aerobic digestion, physicochemical treatment and membrane separation) and factors that influence the treatment methods and conversion of POME to renewable biogas such as biomethane and biohydrogen.
Abstract: Palm oil is an important edible oil in the global fats and oil market and its industry is also one of the prominent global agricultural industries. The production of crude palm oil reached 62.34 million tonnes in 2014. However, enormous volumes of production has subsequently discharged large volumes of a palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME is a remarkably contaminating effluent due to its high amount of COD, BOD and colour concentrations, which can affect the environment, especially water resources. However, it was recognized as a prospective source of renewable biogas such as biomethane and biohydrogen. Nowadays, with the global emphasis on sustainability, if we simultaneously operate wastewater treatment and produced renewable bio energy in the palm oil industry, then this industry can be environmentally sound, with cleaner production and greater sustainability. The aim of this review is to discuss various existing treatment processes (mainly anaerobic and aerobic digestion, physicochemical treatment and membrane separation) and factors that influence the treatment methods and conversion of POME to renewable biogas such as biomethane and biohydrogen on a commercial scale.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the potential of biogas from the organic waste obtained from the farm animals and slaughterhouses in Malaysia in 2012, which could provide an electricity generation of 8.27×10 9 9 ǫkWh year −1.
Abstract: Anaerobic digestion of renewable feedstocks has been known as a prospective technology for the production of clean energy in the form of biogas. Biogas is a sustainable energy carrier which is mainly composed of methane (60%) and carbon dioxide (35–40%). Among the raw substances, organic matters obtained from farm animal waste are pivotal sources for biogas production. In recent years, the number of animal husbandry has drastically grown in Malaysia. Accordingly, a large amount of animal waste including manure, blood and rumen content are produced which provide a tremendous source of biogas generation. This paper presents biogas potential from the organic waste obtained from the farm animals and slaughterhouses in Malaysia. The findings of this study indicated that biogas potential of 4589.49 million m 3 year − 1 could be produced from animal waste in Malaysia in 2012 which could provide an electricity generation of 8.27×10 9 kWh year −1 .

258 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The technology/potential of using microalgae to remove pollutants from wastewaters as well as converting the resulting microalgal biomass for biofuel production, are critically reviewed.

159 citations


Cites background from "Production of biogas and performanc..."

  • ...8% using algae grown in a facultative pond of an anaerobic ponding system [39]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a critical review identified gaps and researched ways for the oil palm industry to be sustainable, including maintaining ecological integrity (ecological health, connectivity, resilience); justifying land allocation (ecosystem service mapping); providing awareness, good management practices, no/minimum production gaps, high yield and disease resistant cultivar generation and plantations, supplemental forms of alternative sources, zero-waste milling technology; and locating plantations on suitable land without further deforestation without impairing the ecosystem or environment.
Abstract: Cruel oil or green gold is a dilemma for the oil palm industry. The oil palm industry (planting and milling) has a devastating impact on the environment and ecosystems. Oil palm plantations and expansion cause deforestation, habitat loss, forest fragmentation, biodiversity loss, food chain disruption, soil property changes, water and air pollution, conversion of wetlands and arable lands, and increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, resulting in annual fires as well as increasing both subsidence and flood risk. Palm oil mill effluents (POME) are toxic compounds that cause eutrophication and acidification, pollute terrestrial and aquatic systems and release greenhouse gases. However, the oil palm industry is a million-dollar industry that ensures food security (oil and fat). There is increasing demand for palm oil due to population growth and for use as a biofuel feedstock. Significant higher production per hectare in comparison to other oil crops is the main advantage of oil palm. The anthropogenic pressure on the environment is increasing to fulfil the demand and increasing susceptibility to natural disasters. Therefore, the sustainability of this industry is an urgent need. This critical review identified gaps and researched ways for the oil palm industry to be sustainable. Maintaining ecological integrity (ecological health, connectivity, resilience); justifying land allocation (ecosystem service mapping); providing awareness, good management practices, no/minimum production gaps, high yield and disease resistant cultivar generation and plantations, supplemental forms of alternative sources, zero-waste milling technology; and locating plantations on suitable land without further deforestation can fulfil the oil palm industry's present and future demands without impairing the ecosystem or environment.

153 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The progress of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) treatment in meeting with the regulation and standard stipulated by the Environmental Authority always been a major issue in Palm oil industries.
Abstract: The progress of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) treatment in meeting with the regulation and standard stipulated by the Environmental Authority always been a major issue in Palm oil industries. To occupy the palm oil world market demand, palm oil industry needs to produce more than the market demand to supply necessity. Currently, South East Asia country such as Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand rank the top country with the largest production of palm oil in the world. However, the increasing demand for the palm oil has resulted in even massive waste especially palm oil mill effluent (POME). Direct discharge of POME will adversely affect the environment. In 2011, 53 million tonnes metric of palm oil produced and 89% of this production comes from Malaysia and Indonesia. Thailand, however, used the palm oil solely for domestic usage. Since POME has been declared among the major source of pollution, a great deal of research and development including application devoted to enhance the current treatment method for POME to consistently meet the proposed stringent regulatory requirement by environmental authority. Conventional treatment such as ponding system is the most commonplace method to treat POME through the application of ponding system which is include aerobic and anaerobic treatment. Recently, the alternative methods such as coagulation, flocculation, adsorption, advanced oxidation process (AOP) and membrane technology to treat POME has shown a promising result compared to the conventional method.

142 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the influential factors of anaerobic digestion on the biogas production, and review the strategies which had been applied to improve the BiOGAS production of POMEAnaerobic digester.
Abstract: The sustainable practice in the palm oil industry, which provides the global most demanded edible oil has a long way to be well developed. One of the most challenging problems is the management of palm oil mill effluent (POME). The current most applied treatment method of POME is anaerobic ponding system, which is not environmental friendly. This is because a large amount of the generated greenhouse gases is not captured, but escaped into the atmosphere. It is so critical to encourage the sustainable practice of closed anaerobic digestion system in the palm oil industry for utilizing POME to generate renewable biogas. For this, theoretical and technological studies of improving biogas production by POME anaerobic digestion are essential as the supporting research. Therefore, this paper will firstly discuss the influential factors of anaerobic digestion on the biogas production, then review the strategies which had been applied to improve the biogas production of POME anaerobic digestion. A lot of efforts have been made to emphasize on the co-digestion and biomass retention improvement within the digester. Other studied strategies include the POME pretreatment, additives supplementation, and bioreactor modification. By operating the anaerobic digester successfully, these applied strategies had positive response to the biogas production. However, the effectiveness of these strategies cannot be compared directly with each other, due to the different operating conditions. Overall, the studied strategies seem to be insufficient and lack of breakthrough.

140 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the development, design and applications of electrochemical technologies in water and wastewater treatment are reviewed with particular focus on electrodeposition, electrocoagulation, electroflotation (EF), and electrooxidation.

2,577 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...The gas bubbles could be produced electrolytically as in electro-flotation, and it has proven a cost-effective and efficient treatment method for various industrial wastewaters [136]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current state and perspectives of biogas production, including the biochemical parameters and feedstocks which influence the efficiency and reliability of the microbial conversion and gas yield are reviewed.
Abstract: Anaerobic digestion of energy crops, residues, and wastes is of increasing interest in order to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and to facilitate a sustainable development of energy supply. Production of biogas provides a versatile carrier of renewable energy, as methane can be used for replacement of fossil fuels in both heat and power generation and as a vehicle fuel. For biogas production, various process types are applied which can be classified in wet and dry fermentation systems. Most often applied are wet digester systems using vertical stirred tank digester with different stirrer types dependent on the origin of the feedstock. Biogas is mainly utilized in engine-based combined heat and power plants, whereas microgas turbines and fuel cells are expensive alternatives which need further development work for reducing the costs and increasing their reliability. Gas upgrading and utilization as renewable vehicle fuel or injection into the natural gas grid is of increasing interest because the gas can be used in a more efficient way. The digestate from anaerobic fermentation is a valuable fertilizer due to the increased availability of nitrogen and the better short-term fertilization effect. Anaerobic treatment minimizes the survival of pathogens which is important for using the digested residue as fertilizer. This paper reviews the current state and perspectives of biogas production, including the biochemical parameters and feedstocks which influence the efficiency and reliability of the microbial conversion and gas yield.

2,440 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...The efficiency of this system mainly depends on the structure of microbial community and environmental factors, for example, pH and temperature [20]....

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BookDOI
09 May 2011
TL;DR: In this article, a model for a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor was proposed to evaluate the effect of suspended growth on the performance of a single-stage mixture-of-solutions.
Abstract: Introduction and Background Classification of Biochemical Operations The Role of Biochemical Operations Criteria for Classification Common "Named" Biochemical Operations Key Points Study Questions References Fundamentals of Biochemical Operations Overview of Biochemical Operations Major Types of Microorganisms and Their Roles Microbial Ecosystems in Biochemical Operations Important Processes in Biochemical Operations Key Points Study Questions References Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Aerobic/Anoxic Biochemical Operations Stoichiometry and Generalized Reaction Rate Biomass Growth and Substrate Utilization Soluble Microbial Product Formation Solubilization of Particulate and High Molecular Weight Organic Matter Ammonification and Ammonia Utilization Phosphorus Uptake and Release Simplified Stoichiometry and Its Use Effects of Temperature Key Points Study Questions References Theory: Modeling of Ideal Suspended Growth Reactors Modeling Suspended Growth Systems Modeling Microbial Systems Mass Balance Equation Reactor Types Modeling Nonideal Reactors Key Points Study Questions References Aerobic Growth of Heterotrophs in a Single Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Receiving Soluble Substrate Basic Model for a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Extensions of the Basic Model Effects of Kinetic Parameters Biomass Wastage and Recycle Key Points Study Questions References Multiple Microbial Activities in a Single Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor International Water Association Activated Sludge Models Effect of Particulate Substrate Nitrification and Its Impacts Denitrification and Its Impacts Multiple Events Key Points Study Questions References Multiple Microbial Activities in Complex Systems Modeling Complex Systems Conventional and High Purity Oxygen Activated Sludge Step Feed Activated Sludge Contact Stabilization Activated Sludge Modified Ludzack-Ettinger Process Four-Stage Bardenpho Process Biological Phosphorus Removal Process Sequencing Batch Reactor Key Points Study Questions References Stoichiometry, Kinetics, and Simulations of Anaerobic Biochemical Operations Stoichiometry of Anaerobic Biochemical Operations Kinetics of Anaerobic Biochemical Operations Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 Key Points Study Questions References Techniques for Evaluating Kinetic and Stoichiometric Parameters Treatability Studies Simple Soluble Substrate Model with Traditional Decay as Presented in Chapter 5 Simple Soluble Substrate Model with Traditional Decay in the Absence of Data on the Active Fraction Use of Batch Reactors to Determine Monod Kinetic Parameters for Single Substrates Complex Substrate Model with Lysis:Regrowth Approach to Decay as Presented in Chapter 6 (International Water Association Activated Sludge Model No. 1) Using Traditional Measurements to Approximate Wastewater Characteristics for Modeling Key Points Study Questions References Applications: Suspended Growth Reactors Design and Evaluation of Suspended Growth Processes Guiding Principles Iterative Nature of Process Design and Evaluation Basic Decisions during Design and Evaluation Levels of Design and Evaluation Key Points Study Questions References Activated Sludge Process Description Factors Affecting Performance Process Design Process Operation Key Points Study Questions References Biological Nutrient Removal Process Description Process Design Process Operation Key Points Study Questions References Aerobic Digestion Process Description Factors Affecting Performance Process Design Process Operation Study Questions References Anaerobic Processes Process Description Factors Affecting Performance Process Design Key Points Study Questions References Lagoons Process Description Factors Affecting Performance Process Design Process Operation Key Points Study Questions References Theory: Modeling of Ideal Attached Growth Reactors Biofilm Modeling Effects of Transport Limitations Effects of Multiple Limiting Nutrients Multispecies Biofilms Multidimensional Mathematical Models of Biofilms Key Points Study Questions References Biofilm Reactors Packed Towers Rotating Disc Reactors Key Points Study Questions References Fluidized Bed Biological Reactors Description of Fluidized Bed Biological Reactor Fluidization Modeling Fluidized Bed Biological Reactors Theoretical Performance of Fluidized Bed Biological Reactors Sizing a Fluidized Bed Biological Reactor Key Points Study Questions References Applications: Attached Growth Reactors Trickling Filter Process Description Factors Affecting Performance Process Design Process Operation Key Points Study Questions References Rotating Biological Contactor Process Description Factors Affecting Performance Process Design Process Operation Key Points Study Questions References Submerged Attached Growth Bioreactors Process Description Factors Affecting Performance Process Design Process Operation Key Points Study Questions References Future Challenges Fate and Effects of Xenobiotic Organic Chemicals Biodegradation Abiotic Removal Mechanisms Relative Importance of Biotic and Abiotic Removal Effects of Xenobiotic Organic Chemicals Experience with Xenobiotic Organic Chemicals Key Points Study Questions References Designing Systems for Sustainability Defining Sustainability Technologies to Achieve Greater Water Resource Availability Technologies to Achieve Lower Energy and Chemical Consumption Technologies to Achieve Resource Recovery Closing Comments Study Questions References Appendix A: Acronyms Appendix B: Symbols Appendix C: Unit Conversions Index

1,616 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...Biodegradable organic matter is hydrolyzed and converted into CO2, water and active biomass through the action of heterotrophic bacteria [103]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the main results obtained with the process in the laboratory as well as in 6 m3 pilot plant and 200 m3 full-scale experiments are presented and evaluated in this paper.
Abstract: In recent years considerable effort has been made in the Netherlands toward the development of a more sophisticated anaerobic treatment process, suitable for treating low a strength wastes and for applications at liquid detention times of 3–4 hr. The efforts have resulted in new type of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process, which in recent 6 m3 pilot-plant experiments has shown to be capable of handling organic space loads of 15–40 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)·m−3/day at 3–8 hr liquid detention times. In the first 200 m3 full-scale plant of the UASB concept, organic space loadings of up to 16 kg COD·m−3/day could be treated satisfactorily at a detention times of 4 hr, using sugar beet waste as feed. The main results obtained with the process in the laboratory as well as in 6 m3 pilot plant and 200 m3 full-scale experiments are presented and evaluated in this paper. Special attention is given to the main operating characteristics of the UASB reactor concept. Moreover, some preliminary results are presented of laboratory experiments concerning the use of the USB reactor concept for denitrification as well as for the acid formation step in anaerobic treatment. For both purposes the process looks feasible because very satisfactory results with respect to denitrification and acid formation can be achieved at very high hydraulic loads (12 day−1) and high organic loading rates, i.e., 20 kg COD·m−3/day in the denitrification and 60–80 kg COD·m−3/day in the acid formation experiments.

1,339 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...Lettinga developed UASB reactor [52], and this process has been effectively used to treat the wide range of industrial effluent [53]....

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Book
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: The second edition of the MBR Book as mentioned in this paper provides more content than the first edition, with more than 120 contributors from the academic research and municipal/industrial practitioner communities, covering all important aspects of Membrane BioReactors in water and waste water treatment.
Abstract: A Membrane BioReactor (MBR) is the combination of a membrane process (e.g. microfiltration/ ultrafiltration) with a suspended growth bioreactor. When used with domestic wastewater, MBR processes can produce effluent of high enough quality to be discharged to waterways, or to be reclaimed for urban irrigation. Other advantages of MBRs over conventional processes include small footprint, easy retrofit and upgrade of old wastewater treatment plants. The MBR Book covers all important aspects of Membrane BioReactors in water and waste water treatment, from the fundamentals of the processes via design principles to MBR technologies. Industrial case studies help interpret actual results and give pointers for best practice. Useful appendices provide data on commercial membranes and international membrane organizations. The MBR book enables readers to: Understand the fundamental processes involved in membrane and biotreatment technologies Compare and contrast design options and work through sample calculations Review commercial MBR systems in terms of specific applications Learn from case studies involving domestic and industrial effluent treatment and recycling Analyze process design, operation, performance and maintenance to draw conclusions appropriate to their requirements New to the second edition: 45% more content than the first edition. Over 120 contributors from the academic research and municipal/industrial practitioner communities. Review of MBR status in ten countries. Expanded section on anaerobic MBRs, micropollutant fate and hybrid systems. Simplified design methodology, with biokinetics for dynamic modelling and cost benefit analysis. Expanded operation and maintenance section, informed by expert panel of practitioners offering more than 40 years combined experience. Over 40 MBR membrane products described, with most of the technical specifications provided. Over 50 case studies provided, including key design, performance, and operation and maintenance data in almost all cases. Membrane Bioreactors are a major growth area in the water and waste water treatment industries Internationally-known author, one of the leading senior experts in MBR research Principles and practice, backed by industrial case studies

1,278 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...In recent years, membrane separation has been concerned a great attention to eliminate the huge volume of chemicals and microorganisms from wastewater [163]....

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