Production of phenolic compounds from Spirulina maxima microalgae and its protective effects
TL;DR: In this article, the enhancing process of phenolics synthesis in Spirulina maxima grown in Zarrouk's medium supplemented with different concentration of NaNO3 and/or combined with phenylalanine (L-PA).
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to illustrate the enhancing process of phenolics synthesis in Spirulina maxima grown in Zarrouk’s medium supplemented with different concentration of NaNO3 and/or combined with phenylalanine (L-PA). Also, the protective efficacy of Spirulina polyphenolic (SPP) extracts against CCI4-induced microsomal lipid peroxidation and scavenging of hydroxyl radical formation were performed. The results revealed that the levels of NaNO3 and L-PA in growth medium had positive effects on the production of biomass (34-64 mg/day), total phenolics (4.51-16.96 mg/g d.w) and flavonoids (1.32-5.12 mg/g d.w) contents. The highest levels of these compounds were obtained in Zarrouk’s medium containing 3.77 g/L NaNO3 and 100 mg/L L-PA. The HPLC-DAD profile of all phenolic extracts of Spirulina showed the presence of large numbers of phenolic acids and flavonoids, in variable levels. Gallic, chlorogenic, cinnamic, pinostrobin and p-OH-benzoic were found as the most abundant constituents among different extracts. Polyphenolic of Spirulina exhibited antioxidant effects CCI4-induced lipid peroxidation (inhibition %) in liver homogenate and on DPPH radical scavenging activity (with IC50 values ranged from 23.22 to 35.62 ig/ml), in dose-depended manner. Their protective potential was comparable to that of standard phenolic antioxidants (BHT, BHA and -tocopherol, with IC50 values ranged from 13.22 to 23.62 ig/ml). Thus, S. maxima can be regarded as potent natural sources of nutraceutical and functional ingredients.
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TL;DR: The improvement of cyanobacteria extract on the antioxidative response of soybean “Nam Dan” to cowpea aphid can be a novel aspect to contribute to current knowledge regarding the soybean-aphid interaction.
Abstract: Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. “Nam Dan”) is one of the most valuable crops in agricultural production in Nghe An province (Vietnam). Our previous study revealed that extract of the cyanobacterium strain Nostoc calcicola HN9 expressed positive effect on growth and development, and raised soybean productivity (Tran et al. in Proceeding of Vietnam national conference of research on biology, Da Nang, 2016). We hypothesized that N. calcicola HN9 would improve the defense responses of G. max cv. “Nam Dan” to cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch)-a serious pest of leguminous crops. Infestation of A. craccivora caused oxidative stress in leaves of G. max cv. “Nam Dan”. A strong generation of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion radical (O
2
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) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) resulted in the cellular damages in the aphid-infested leaves through high levels of injury percentage and lipid peroxidation. To protect from aphid attack themselves, soybean plants triggered the antioxidant defense systems, in which, enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD, 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, 1.11.1.6) and GPx (EC 1.11.1.9) were strongly accumulated to reduce the toxic effects of ROS. Components of N. calcicola HN9 extract might strengthen the defensive capability of G. max cv. “Nam Dan” to cowpea aphid infestation via establishing the chemical constraints on oxidative stress. Under effect of cyanobacteria extract, generation of O
2
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and H2O2 was strictly limited, activities of SOD, CAT and GPx were remarkably accumulated in the aphid-infested leaves leading to a significant reduction of oxidative damages. Nostoc calcicola HN9 extract probably not only controlled the generation and effects of O
2
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and H2O2 but also augmented the accumulated activity of SOD, CAT and GPx in soybean leaves that allowed them to control oxidative stress, contributed to increase the resistance of G. max cv. “Nam Dan” to A. craccivora. The improvement of cyanobacteria extract on the antioxidative response of soybean “Nam Dan” to cowpea aphid can be a novel aspect to contribute to current knowledge regarding the soybean-aphid interaction.
6 citations
01 Jan 2013
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the anti-AD potential of cyanobacteria has been investigated. But, the current pharmaceuticals for AD are symptomatic and with no effects on the progression of the disease, thus, research on molecules with therapeutic relevance has become a major focus.
Abstract: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent a drawback in society given the ageing population. Dementias are the most prevalent NDs, with Alzheimer's disease (AD) representing around 70% of all cases. The current pharmaceuticals for AD are symptomatic and with no effects on the progression of the disease. Thus, research on molecules with therapeutic relevance has become a major focus for the scientific community. Cyanobacteria are a group of photosynthetic prokaryotes rich in biomolecules with confirmed activity in pathologies such as cancer, and with feasible potential in NDs such as AD. In this review, we aimed to compile the research works focused in the anti-AD potential of cyanobacteria, namely regarding the inhibition of the enzyme β-secretase (BACE1) as a fundamental enzyme in the generation of β-amyloid (Aβ), the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) lead to an increase in the availability of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as phenomena associated with neurodegeneration mechanisms.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed high protein nutrition bars by incorporating pumpkin seed flour and banana flour and assessed their quality using emission spectrophotometry and free radical scavenging modified method.
Abstract: Introduction. Nowadays, health-conscious consumers attend to nutritional, health, and easy-to-use products. Demand for healthy snacks is significantly increasing. Our study aimed to develop high protein nutrition bars by incorporating pumpkin seed flour and banana flour and assess their quality.
Study objects and methods. We analyzed three bar samples for nutritional, textural, and sensory quality. The bars contained banana flour, pumpkin seed flour, and the mixed flour. Proximate analysis was performed following the AOAC method. The mineral content and antioxidant properties of the bars were determined by using emission spectrophotometry and the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging modified method, respectively.
Results and discussion. The mixed flour nutrition bar had significantly higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity than the bar with banana flour and the bar with pumpkin seed flour. Textural analysis demonstrated that the mixed flour sample had significantly (P < 0.05) higher hardness and color parameters compared to the other bar samples. Nutritional analysis indicated that mixed flour bar contained significantly higher amounts of protein, fat, and calcium; while pumpkin seed flour bar had higher ash, iron, and magnesium contents. The mixed flour sample also had better sensory parameters.
Conclusion. The mixed flour demonstrated good quality. Hence, both banana and pumpkin seed flour have a potential to be used in bar formulations.
5 citations
TL;DR: An innovative algae–yeast mix for a partial substitution of fishmeal and oil in fish feed resulted in healthy organisms depending on the species and compared to conventionally fed organisms.
Abstract: Fishmeal and oil are regarded as byproducts resulting from fish processing. However, the procedures are hypothesized to be an ecological harm for maintaining the balance of the aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed at characterizing an innovative algae–yeast mix for a partial substitution of fishmeal and oil in fish feed. The microorganism mix consisted of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira sp., the microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii, and the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis to create a balanced nutritional composition with an enrichment of bioactive compounds for inducing positive health effects in selected fish species. Such a modification can also be interpreted in terms of a positive (human) nutritional effect. From an ecological point of view, all these microorganisms can be cultivated without minimum effort. In fish feeding trials, pike-perch (Sander lucioperca) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were taken for evaluating the feed acceptance, fish health, and fish filet quality. The study revealed a successful feed development, which resulted in healthy organisms depending on the species and compared to conventionally fed organisms.
5 citations
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TL;DR: Aggregate analysis of this type is an important supplement to and often more informative than reems of data difficult to summarize from various techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that separate a large number of individual compounds.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Analyses of the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) type are convenient, simple, and require only common equipment and have produced a large body of comparable data. Under proper conditions, the assay is inclusive of monophenols and gives predictable reactions with the types of phenols found in nature. Because different phenols react to different degrees, expression of the results as a single number—such as milligrams per liter gallic acid equivalence—is necessarily arbitrary. Because the reaction is independent, quantitative, and predictable, analysis of a mixture of phenols can be recalculated in terms of any other standard. The assay measures all compounds readily oxidizable under the reaction conditions and its very inclusiveness allows certain substances to also react that are either not phenols or seldom thought of as phenols (e.g., proteins). Judicious use of the assay—with consideration of potential interferences in particular samples and prior study if necessary—can lead to very informative results. Aggregate analysis of this type is an important supplement to and often more informative than reems of data difficult to summarize from various techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that separate a large number of individual compounds .The predictable reaction of components in a mixture makes it possible to determine a single reactant by other means and to calculate its contribution to the total FC phenol content. Relative insensitivity of the FC analysis to many adsorbents and precipitants makes differential assay—before and after several different treatments—informative.
14,046 citations
TL;DR: There is growing evidence that aging involves, in addition, progressive changes in free radical-mediated regulatory processes that result in altered gene expression.
Abstract: At high concentrations, free radicals and radical-derived, nonradical reactive species are hazardous for living organisms and damage all major cellular constituents. At moderate concentrations, how...
9,131 citations
TL;DR: Limiting discussion to stress-induced phenylpropanoids eliminates few of the structural classes, because many compounds that are constitutive in one plant species or tissue can be induced by various stresses in another species or in another tissue of the same plant.
Abstract: Phenylpropanoid compounds encompass a wide range of structural classes and biological functions. Limiting discussion to stress-induced phenylpropanoids eliminates few of the structural classes, because many compounds thst are constitutive in one plant species or tissue can be induced by various stresses in another species or in another tissue of the same plant (Beggs et al., 1987; Christie et al., 1994).
4,046 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the total phenolic or flavonoid contents of 11 Algerian medicinal plants and determined whether these compounds have an antioxidant capacity toward free radical propagation.
1,441 citations
TL;DR: Flavonoids offer an explanation for the suggested beneficial effect of fruits and vegetables in coronary heart disease and people with very low intakes of flavonoids have higher risks of coronary disease.
Abstract: Objective: To study the association between dietary intake of flavonoids and subsequent coronary mortality. Design: A cohort study based on data collected at the Finnish mobile clinic health examination survey from 1967-72 and followed up until 1992. Settings: 30 communities from different parts of Finland. Subjects: 5133 Finnish men and women aged 30-69 years and free from heart disease at baseline. Main outcome measure: Dietary intake of flavonoids, total mortality, and coronary mortality. Results: In women a significant inverse gradient was observed between dietary intake of flavonoids and total and coronary mortality. The relative risks between highest and lowest quarters of flavonoid intake adjusted for age, smoking, serum cholesterol concentration, blood pressure, and body mass index were 0.69 (95% confidence interval 0.53 to 0.90) and 0.54 (0.33 to 0.87) for total and coronary mortality, respectively. The corresponding values for men were 0.76 (0.63 to 0.93) and 0.78 (0.56 to 1.08), respectively. Adjustment for intake of antioxidant vitamins and fatty acids weakened the associations for women; the relative risks for coronary heart disease were 0.73 (0.41 to 1.32) and 0.67 (0.44 to 1.00) in women and men, respectively. Intakes of onions and apples, the main dietary sources of flavonoids, presented similar associations. The relative risks for coronary mortality between highest and lowest quarters of apple intake were 0.57 (0.36 to 0.91) and 0.81 (0.61 to 1.09) for women and men, respectively. The corresponding values for onions were 0.50 (0.30 to 0.82) and 0.74 (0.53 to 1.02), respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest that people with very low intakes of flavonoids have higher risks of coronary disease. Key messages Key messages The protective effect of flavonoids was associated with a diet high in intake of apples and onions The effect may be mediated through prevention of oxidation of low density lipoproteins but other mechanisms could be involved Flavonoids offer an explanation for the suggested beneficial effect of fruits and vegetables in coronary heart disease Further studies should concentrate on the effects of various flavonoid compounds and on populations with different intakes
1,314 citations