Promising Intervention Approaches to Potentially Resolve Neuroinflammation And Steroid Hormones Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease and Its Neuropsychiatric Symptoms.
Catia Scassellati,Antonio Carlo Galoforo,Ciro Esposito,Miriam Ciani,Giovanni Ricevuti,Cristian Bonvicini +5 more
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TLDR
In this article, a new intervention natural treatment in terms of Oxygen-ozone (O2-O3) therapy that could be potentially used for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and its neuropsychiatric manifestations was proposed.Abstract:
Neuroinflammation is a biological process by which the central nervous system responds to stimuli/injuries affecting its homeostasis. So far as this reactive response becomes exacerbated and uncontrolled, it can lead to neurodegeneration, compromising the cognitive and neuropsychiatric domains. Parallelly, modifications in the hypothalamic signaling of neuroprotective hormones linked also to the inflammatory responses of microglia and astrocytes can exacerbate these processes. To complicate the picture, modulations in the gut microbiota (GM) can induce changes in neuroinflammation, altering cognitive and neuropsychiatric functioning. We conducted a web-based search on PubMed. We described studies regarding the cross-talk among microglia and astrocytes in the neuroinflammation processes, along with the role played by the steroid hormones, and how this can reflect on cognitive decline/neurodegeneration, in particular on Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and its neuropsychiatric manifestations. We propose and support the huge literature showing the potentiality of complementary/alternative therapeutic approaches (nutraceuticals) targeting the sustained inflammatory response, the dysregulation of hypothalamic system and the GM composition. NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 are the main molecular targets on which a list of nutraceuticals can modulate the altered processes. Since there are some limitations, we propose a new intervention natural treatment in terms of Oxygen-ozone (O2-O3) therapy that could be potentially used for AD pathology. Through a meta-analytic approach, we found a significant modulation of O3 on inflammation-NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome/Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/Interleukin IL-17α signalling, reducing mRNA (p<0.00001 Odd Ratio (OR)=-5.25 95% CI:-7.04/-3.46) and protein (p<0.00001 OR=-4.85 95%CI:-6.89/-2.81) levels, as well as on Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Through anti-inflammatory, immune, and steroid hormones modulation and anti-microbial activities, O3 at mild therapeutic concentrations potentiated with nutraceuticals and GM regulators could determine combinatorial effects impacting on cognitive and neurodegenerative domains, neuroinflammation and neuroendocrine signalling, directly or indirectly through the mediation of GM.read more
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Blood-Based Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: A Central Role for Periphery?
Federica Angiulli,Elisa Conti,Chiara Zoia,Fulvio Da Re,Ildebrando Appollonio,Carlo Ferrarese,Lucio Tremolizzo +6 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an overview on some of the most promising peripheral biomarkers of neuroinflammation, discussing their pathogenic role in AD, as well as their application in AD diagnosis and treatment.
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HMGB1 plays an important role in pyroptosis induced blood brain barrier breakdown in diabetes-associated cognitive decline.
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HMGB1 plays an important role in pyroptosis induced blood brain barrier breakdown in diabetes-associated cognitive decline
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