Prospects of chemically deposited metal chalcogenide thin films for solar control applications
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic requirements of solar control coatings are presented and a comparison of the characteristics of PbS and CuxS coatings against commercially available coatings is provided.
Abstract: Solar control coatings, required for architectural glazing applications in warm climates, must provide controlled optical transmission ( approximately 10-50%) of the solar radiation in the visible region and should reflect efficiently in the infrared (>0.7 mu m) region to create a cool interior in the buildings. Thin films of PbS and CuxS on glass substrates, deposited from chemical baths, are shown to possess excellent solar control characteristics-superior or comparable to the metallic solar control coatings. For example, for an acceptable range of integrated optical transmittance ( approximately 10-20%) in the visible region, the integrated infrared reflectance for AM2 solar spectrum for the different glazings are: PbS coated glass, 50%; CuxS coated glass, 14%; stainless steel/Cu coated glass, 25% and tinted glass, 4%. The CuxS and PbS coatings also have the advantage of giving pleasant reflected colours (golden, purple, blue, etc), which improves the cosmetic appearance. This paper presents the basic requirements of solar control coatings and provides a comparison of the characteristics of PbS and CuxS coatings against commercially available coatings.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors have described in detail, chemical bath deposition method of metal chalcogenide thin films, it is capable of yielding good quality thin films and their preparative parameters, structural, optical, electrical properties etc.
Abstract: Metal chalcogenide thin films preparation by chemical methods are currently attracting considerable attention as it is relatively inexpensive, simple and convenient for large area deposition. A variety of substrates such as insulators, semiconductors or metals can be used since these are low temperature processes which avoid oxidation and corrosion of substrate. These are slow processes which facilitates better orientation of crystallites with improved grain structure. Depending upon deposition conditions, film growth can take place by ion-by-ion condensation of the materials on the substrates or by adsorption of colloidal particles from the solution on the substrate. Using these methods, thin films of group II–VI, V–VI, III–VI etc. have been deposited. Solar selective coatings, solar control, photoconductors, solid state and photoelectrochemical solar cells, optical imaging, hologram recording, optical mass memories etc. are some of the applications of metal chalcogenide films. In the present review article, we have described in detail, chemical bath deposition method of metal chalcogenide thin films, it is capable of yielding good quality thin films. Their preparative parameters, structural, optical, electrical properties etc. are described. Theoretical background necessary for the chemical deposition of thin films is also discussed.
733 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a mixture of SnCl4 with H2S at 300−545 °C was used for the deposition of SnS2, SnS3, and SnSS3.
Abstract: Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition of SnS2, Sn2S3, and SnS has been achieved onto glass substrates from the reaction of SnCl4 with H2S at 300−545 °C. The films show good uniformity and surface coverage, adherence, and a variety of colors (black, yellow, brown, and gray) dependent on deposition temperature and film thickness. Growth rates were on the order of 1−2 μm min-1. All the films were crystalline. For substrate temperatures of up to 500 °C single phase films with the hexagonal SnS2 structure (a = 3.65(1) A, c = 5.88(1) A) were formed. At 525 °C a film of mixed composition containing predominantly orthorhombic Sn2S3 (a = 8.83(1) A, b = 3.76(1) A, c = 14.03(1) A) was formed together with some SnS2. At 545 °C films with orthorhombic SnS structure (a = 4.30(1) A, b = 11.20(1) A, c = 3.99(1) A) were formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a variety of different film thicknesses and morphologies, including needles, plates, and ovoids, dependent on the deposition temperature and tim...
381 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the basic concepts underlying the chemical bath deposition technique and recipes developed in our laboratory during the past ten years for the deposition of good-quality thin films of CdS, CdSe, ZnS, PbSe, SnS, Bi2S3, BiSe3, SbS3 Sb2S2, CuS, CuSe, etc.
Abstract: In this paper we present the basic concepts underlying the chemical bath deposition technique and the recipes developed in our laboratory during the past ten years for the deposition of good-quality thin films of CdS, CdSe, ZnS, ZnSe, PbS, SnS, Bi2S3, Bi2Se3, Sb2S3, CuS, CuSe, etc. Typical growth curves, and optical and electrical properties of these films are presented. The effect of annealing the films in air on their structure and composition and on the electrical properties is notable: CdS and ZnS films become conductive through a partial conversion to oxide phase; CdSe becomes photosensitive, SnS converts to SnO2, etc. The use of precipitates formed during deposition for screen printing and sintering, in polymer composites and as a source for vapor-phase deposition is presented. Some examples of the application of the films in solar energy related work are presented.
345 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a chemical deposition technique, much simpler and more versatile than previously reported and capable of yielding good quality SnS films of thickness up to approximately 1.2 mu m under a choice of deposition conditions, is presented.
Abstract: A chemical deposition technique, much simpler and more versatile than previously reported and capable of yielding good quality SnS films of thickness up to approximately=1.2 mu m under a choice of deposition conditions, is presented. The as-prepared films are polycrystalline with p-type dark conductivity in the range 10-5-10-4 Omega -1 cm-1 for the thicker ( approximately 1 mu m) films and showing a photocurrent to dark current ratio of 5-10 under 500 W m-2 tungsten halogen illumination. The optical transmittance and reflectance spectra and the photocurrent response curves of a series of SnS samples are explicitly presented to provide insight into possible applications of these films.
181 citations
TL;DR: A survey of binary and ternary metal chalcogenide thin films is given in this paper with respect to their preparative parameters, structural, optical and electrical properties, and the theoretical background of chemical deposition is described in detail.
Abstract: Metal chalcogenide thin film preparation by chemical deposition is currently attracting considerable attention as it is relatively inexpensive, simple and convenient for large area deposition. A variety of substrates such as insulators, semiconductors or metals can be used since it is a low temperature process which avoids oxidation or corrosion of metallic substrates. It is a slow process which facilitates better orientation of crystallites with improved grain structure. Depending upon the deposition conditions, film growth can take place by ion-by-ion condensation of the materials on the substrates or by adsorption of the colloidal particles from the solution onto a substrate. Using this method thin films of groups II–VI, IV–VI, V–VI, I–III–VI etc. have been deposited. In this review article, the theoretical background of chemical deposition is described in detail. A survey of binary and ternary metal chalcogenide thin films is given with respect to their preparative parameters, structural, optical and electrical properties. Such films have been used in solar selective coatings, solar control photoconductors, solid state and photoelectrochemical solar cells.
172 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of heat-mirror deposition technology including chemical vapor deposition using hydrolysis and pyrolysis reactions, dc and rf sputtering using reactive, biased and nonreactive techniques, vapor deposition and ion plating.
Abstract: Heat-mirror coatings are important as transparent insulation for a host of applications, including building window glazings. They reduce thermal emittance of glass and polymeric substrates, thereby decreasing the effective radiative loss of a glazing or window assembly. Properties of coatings and substrates, as well as various window designs, are detailed. The paper reviews heat-mirror deposition technology including chemical vapor deposition using hydrolysis and pyrolysis reactions, dc and rf sputtering using reactive, biased and nonreactive techniques, vapor deposition and ion plating. The properties of single-layer films including coatings of In 2 O 3 :Sn, doped SnO 2 , Cd 2 SnO 4 , noble and transition metal films are enumerated. Multilayer films described include dielectric overcoated metals such as ZnS/metal/ZnS, Bi 2 O 3 /Au/Bi 2 O 3 and TiO 2 /Ag/TiO 2 . Electrical, solar and infrared radiative properties are tabulated. Much of the data presented is also useful for photovoltaic and collector applications. New and innovative materials systems are suggested.
291 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this article, the preparation, properties, and role of transparent conducting coatings as solar spectrally selective surfaces are discussed, and the use of transparent conductors in photovoltaic conversion is explored.
Abstract: The preparation, properties, and the role of transparent conducting coatings as solar spectrally selective surfaces are discussed. The application of spectrally selective surfaces to photothermal conversion is covered, and the use of transparent conductors in photovoltaic conversion is explored. Measurement techniques used for determining absorptance, emittance, and reflectance are described. The black solar selective surfaces are covered. Much of the presentation is given in a comparative format. 384 references. (LEW)
187 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a range of combination of rsquare operator approximately 30 Omega to 1 M Omega and T% (500 nm) approximately 1 to 65 and a color of reflected daylight (golden yellow, purple, blue, green, etc.) can be obtained from chemical baths constituted from copper(II) chloride, triethanolamine and thiourea at appropriate pH.
Abstract: CuxS thin films with a wide range of sheet resistances (rSquare Operator ) and optical transmittance (T%), indicating different composition x, have been obtained from chemical baths constituted from copper(II) chloride, triethanolamine and thiourea at appropriate pH (10-12). Depending on the deposition parameters, a range of combination of rSquare Operator approximately=30 Omega to 1 M Omega and T% (500 nm) approximately=1 to 65 and a range of colour of reflected daylight (golden yellow, purple, blue, green, etc.) can be obtained. The films have been found to be stable with respect to electrical and optical properties on storage under ambient. Various possible large area applications such as in architectural glazing, photothermal and photovoltaic conversions are discussed.
168 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrical and optical properties of thin films of highly doped oxides of In and Sn were investigated and the free electron mobility was limited mainly by ionized impurity scattering.
Abstract: The electrical and optical properties of thin films of the highly doped oxides of In and Sn are investigated. Maximum free electron densities of 15 × 10 20 cm −3 in In 2 O 3 and 7 × 10 20 cm −3 in SnO 2 are obtained in films prepared by the hot spray technique by appropriate doping. Free electron density and mobility are strongly influenced by additional oxygen. The free electron mobility is limited mainly by ionized impurity scattering. Optimized filters are designed for solar collector and window applications, taking into account a modified Drude behaviour.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a method was developed which yields chemically deposited thin films of lead selenide on a glass surface, which are uniform in appearance and electrical resistance [1.4 meg/(0.635 cm)2].
Abstract: A method has been developed which yields chemically deposited thin films of lead selenide on a glass surface. These are uniform in appearance and electrical resistance [1–4 meg/(0.635 cm)2]. The coating solution is made up of a lead citrate complex and dimethylselenourea with sodium sulfite present as an antioxidant. All of the parameters involved in the coating process were studied, including the pretreatment of the glass surface, and the optimum conditions for the coating reaction are described.
43 citations