Proteomic Analysis of Aphid-Resistant and -Sensitive Rose (Rosa Hybrida) Cultivars at Two Developmental Stages.
TL;DR: Four cut rose cultivars which were bred in Korea and were either resistant or sensitive to aphid infestation at different flower developmental stages were compared and proteins related to ubiquitin metabolism and the stress response were differentially expressed.
Abstract: The rose is one the most commercially grown and costly ornamental plants because of its aesthetic beauty and aroma. A large number of pests attack its buds, flowers, leaves, and stem at every growing stage due to its high sugar content. The most common pest on roses are aphids which are considered to be the major cause for product loss. Aphid infestations lead to major changes in rose plants, such as large and irregular holes in petals, intact leaves and devouring tissues. It is hypothesized that different cut rose cultivars would have different levels of sensitivity or resistance to aphids, since different levels of infestation are observed in commercially cut rose production greenhouses. The present work compared four cut rose cultivars which were bred in Korea and were either resistant or sensitive to aphid infestation at different flower developmental stages. An integrative study was conducted using comprehensive proteome analyses. Proteins related to ubiquitin metabolism and the stress response were differentially expressed due to aphid infestation. The regulations and possible functions of identified proteins are presented in detail. The differential expressions of the identified proteins were validated by immunoblotting and blue native page. In addition, total sugar and carbohydrate content were also observed.
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TL;DR: This review will provide a concise summary of application of 'omic' technologies and their utilization in plant and sap-sucking insect interaction studies, and provide a perspective on the integration of 'omics' data in uncovering novel plant defense mechanisms against sap-magnifying insect pests.
34 citations
01 Jan 2011
33 citations
TL;DR: To exploit knowledge obtained so far, knocking out/down candidate aphid S genes using CRISPR/Cas9 or RNAi techniques in crops is suggested to evaluate if this will be sufficient to keep the aphid pest at economically viable levels without severe pleiotropic effects.
Abstract: Aphids are phloem sap-feeding insects common as pests in various crops. Here we review 62 omics studies of aphid/plant interactions to search for indications of how aphids may manipulate the plants to make them more suitable as hosts, i.e. more susceptible. Our aim is to try to reveal host plant susceptibility (S) genes, knowledge which can be exploited for making a plant more resistant to its pest by using new plant breeding techniques to knock out or down such S genes. S genes may be of two types, those that are involved in reducing functional plant defense and those involved in further increasing plant factors that are positive to the aphid, such as facilitated access to food or improved nutritional quality. Approximately 40% of the omics studies we have reviewed indicate how aphids may modify their host to their advantage. To exploit knowledge obtained so far, we suggest knocking out/down candidate aphid S genes using CRISPR/Cas9 or RNAi techniques in crops to evaluate if this will be sufficient to keep the aphid pest at economically viable levels without severe pleiotropic effects. As a complement, we also propose functional studies of recessively inherited resistance previously discovered in some aphid-crop combinations, to potentially identify new types of S genes that later could be knocked out or down also in other crops to improve their resistance to aphids.
24 citations
TL;DR: Hormone and metabolite analyses and RNA-Seq analysis of plant transcriptomes were utilized to delineate defense networks induced by aphid feeding in SxK switchgrass and pinpoint plant transcription factors (TFs) that potentially regulate these responses.
Abstract: Aphid herbivory elicits plant defense-related networks that are influenced by host genetics. Plants of the upland switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) cultivar Summer can be a suitable host for greenbug aphids (Schizaphis graminum; GB), and yellow sugarcane aphids (Sipha flava, YSA), whereas the lowland cultivar Kanlow exhibited multi-species resistance that curtails aphid reproduction. However, stabilized hybrids of Summer (♀) x Kanlow (♂) (SxK) with improved agronomics can be damaged by both aphids. Here, hormone and metabolite analyses, coupled with RNA-Seq analysis of plant transcriptomes, were utilized to delineate defense networks induced by aphid feeding in SxK switchgrass and pinpoint plant transcription factors (TFs), such as WRKYs that potentially regulate these responses. Abscisic acid (ABA) levels were significantly higher in GB infested plants at 5 and 10 days after infestation (DAI). ABA levels were highest at 15DAI in YSA infested plants. Jasmonic acid levels were significantly elevated under GB infestation, while salicylic acid levels were signifi40cantly elevated only at 15 DAI in YSA infested plants. Similarly, levels of several metabolites were altered in common or specifically to each aphid. YSA infestation induced a significant enrichment of flavonoids consistent with an upregulation of many genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis at 15DAI. Gene co-expression modules that responded singly to either aphid or in common to both aphids were differentiated and linked to specific TFs. Together, these data provide important clues into the interplay of metabolism and transcriptional remodeling accompanying defense responses to aphid herbivory in hybrid switchgrass.
12 citations
Cites background from "Proteomic Analysis of Aphid-Resista..."
...Although several components of defense responses are conserved among multiple plant species, plant genotype, environment, and other factors can lead to variations in the cellular metabolism of the same hosts challenged by insect herbivores (Coppola et al., 2013; Maag et al., 2015a; CastanoDuque and Luthe, 2018; Muneer et al., 2018; Sanchez-Arcos et al., 2019; Zhao et al., 2019)....
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TL;DR: The results suggest that the elevated accumulation of H2O2 and the strong upregulation of the antioxidant genes in sorghum may have contributed to host plant resistance in Tx2783 against sugarcane aphid but the weak expression of those antioxidant genesIn Tx7000 resulted in the failure of attempting defense against Sugarcane Aphid.
Abstract: Sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) is a phloem-feeding insect that severely affects the growth and productivity of sorghum and other related crops. While a growing body of knowledge is accumulat...
9 citations
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TL;DR: Recent evidences how plants sense and respond to environmental factors through sugar-sensing mechanisms are reviewed and it is thought that forward and reverse genetic analysis in combination with expression profiling must be continued to uncover many signalling components, and a full biochemical characterization of the signalling complexes will be required to determine specificity and cross-talk in abiotic stress signalling pathways.
Abstract: Plants are autotrophic and photosynthetic organisms that both produce and consume sugars. Soluble sugars are highly sensitive to environmental stresses, which act on the supply of carbohydrates from source organs to sink ones. Sucrose and hexoses both play dual functions in gene regulation as exemplified by the upregulation of growth-related genes and downregulation of stress-related genes. Although coordinately regulated by sugars, these growth- and stress-related genes are upregulated or downregulated through HXK-dependent and/or HXK-independent pathways. Sucrose-non-fermenting-1- (SNF1-) related protein pathway, analogue to the protein kinase (SNF-) yeast-signalling pathway, seems also involved in sugar sensing and transduction in plants. However, even if plants share with yeast some elements involved in sugar sensing, several aspects of sugar perception are likely to be peculiar to higher plants. In this paper, we have reviewed recent evidences how plants sense and respond to environmental factors through sugar-sensing mechanisms. However, we think that forward and reverse genetic analysis in combination with expression profiling must be continued to uncover many signalling components, and a full biochemical characterization of the signalling complexes will be required to determine specificity and cross-talk in abiotic stress signalling pathways.
634 citations
TL;DR: A refined and shortened method suitable for the rapid measurement of total sugar and starch contents in woody plant tissues is developed.
Abstract: Several extraction and measurement methods currently employed in the determination of total sugar and starch contents in plant tissues were investigated with the view to streamline the process of total sugar and starch determination. Depending on the type and source of tissue, total sugar and starch contents estimated from samples extracted with 80% hot ethanol were significantly greater than from samples extracted with a methanol:chloroform:water solution. The residual ethanol did not interfere with the sugar and starch determination, rendering the removal of ethanol from samples unnecessary. The use of phenol-sulfuric acid with a phenol concentration of 2% provided a relatively simple and reliable colorimetric method to quantify the total soluble-sugar concentration. Performing parallel sugar assays with and without phenol was more useful for accounting for the interfering effects of other substances present in plant tissue than using chloroform. For starch determination, an enzyme mixture of 1000 U alpha-amylase and 5 U amyloglucosidase digested starch in plant tissue samples more rapidly and completely than previously recommended enzyme doses. Dilute sulfuric acid (0.005 N) was less suitable for starch digestion than enzymatic hydrolysis because the acid also broke down structural carbohydrates, resulting in overestimates of starch content. After the enzymatic digestion of starch, the glucose hydrolyzate obtained was measured with a peroxidase-glucose oxidase/o-dianisidine reagent; absorbance being read at 525 nm after the addition of sulfuric acid. With the help of this series of studies, we developed a refined and shortened method suitable for the rapid measurement of total sugar and starch contents in woody plant tissues.
500 citations
"Proteomic Analysis of Aphid-Resista..." refers methods in this paper
...Sugar content was estimated according to the methodology given by Chow and Landhäusser [29]....
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TL;DR: Recent studies into the differential expression of Pto‐ and Pti1‐like kinase genes in wheat plants resistant to the Russian wheat aphid provide evidence of the involvement of the Pto class of resistance genes in arthropod resistance.
Abstract: Plant genes participating in the recognition of aphid herbivory in concert with plant genes involved in defense against herbivores mediate plant resistance to aphids. Several such genes involved in plant disease and nematode resistance have been characterized in detail, but their existence has only recently begun to be determined for arthropod resistance. Hundreds of different genes are typically involved and the disruption of plant cell wall tissues during aphid feeding has been shown to induce defense responses in Arabidopsis , Tr iticum , Sorghum , and Nicotiana species . Mi-1.2 , a tomato gene for resistance to the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), is a member of the nucleotidebinding site and leucine-rich region Class II family of disease, nematode, and arthropod resistance genes. Recent studies into the differential expression of Pto - and Pti1 -like kinase genes in wheat plants resistant to the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), provide evidence of the involvement of the Pto class of resistance genes in arthropod resistance. An analysis of available data suggests that aphid feeding may trigger multiple signaling pathways in plants. Early signaling includes gene-for-gene recognition and defense signaling in aphid-resistant plants, and recognition of aphidinflicted cell damage in both resistant and susceptible plants. Furthermore, signaling is mediated by several compounds, including jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid, giberellic acid, nitric oxide, and auxin. These signals lead to the development of direct chemical defenses against aphids and general stress-related responses that are well characterized for a number of abiotic and biotic stresses. In spite of major plant taxonomic differences, similarities exist in the types of plant genes expressed in response to feeding by different species of aphids. However, numerous differences in plant signaling and defense responses unique to specific aphid‐plant interactions have been identified and warrant further investigation.
386 citations
"Proteomic Analysis of Aphid-Resista..." refers background in this paper
...In other studies, it has been observed that host plant activates hormonal pathways particularly jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) for defense response to aphid attack [9,18,22]....
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...Aphids are small temperate climate insects and feed themselves on translocating elements of sieve tubes in the phloem [9]....
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TL;DR: The same model systems that are used to explore direct molecular interactions between plants and aphids can be utilized to study the ecological context in which they occur.
374 citations
"Proteomic Analysis of Aphid-Resista..." refers background in this paper
...Conversely, the signs and symptoms of aphids vary according to the host plant species, types of aphids or the combination of both [24]....
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TL;DR: The factors responsible for determining the host-plants and feeding sites of aphids, and the various probing activities (the role of the labium, stylet insertion, surface saliva deposition, the behaviour of the aphid, virus transmission) are examined.
Abstract: The factors responsible for determining the host-plants and feeding sites of aphids, and the various probing activities (the role of the labium, stylet insertion, surface saliva deposition, the behaviour of the aphid, virus transmission) are examined. There is a brief review of stylet structure and movement and the possible sensory nature of these organs, followed by a detailed review of the characteristics of aphid stylet paths in plant tissues. The penetration of epidermis and vascular tissues is treated separately while that within the intermediate tissues is covered in relation to leaves and stems, roots, trees, galls and excised tissue as well as in separate sections on Aphis fabaeScopoli and Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Stylet destinations and behaviour in the sieve tubes are discussed together with general features such as rate and depth of penetration, guidance to the feeding site, effects of tissue hardness and stylet withdrawal. The ingestion rate of plant sap is reviewed and its constitution and importance examined together with the significance of artificial diets. The salivary secretions including sheaths and tracks, their functions and their role in the transference of material between aphid and host are dealt with. The nature of the physical and internal damage resulting from aphid feeding is briefly covered, and also some plant-insect interrelations. The aphid species whose stylets have been examined in plant tissue are listed.
327 citations
"Proteomic Analysis of Aphid-Resista..." refers background in this paper
...Their entry into the plants is through epidermis and mesophyll with their stylet-like mouthparts [10]....
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