Proteomic analysis of salt-stress responsive proteins in roots of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants towards silicon efficiency
TL;DR: The observed responses to Si supply in salt stressed plants indicate that the Si has a substantial role in alleviating the salinity stress responses by improving the root proteome and activating important genes responsible for stress tolerance.
Abstract: Salt stress is a rising threat to crop productivity, among several notable consumed crops tomato is often under threat due to salt stress. In this study, the role of Si in restraining salinity stress responses in root proteome and genes involved in stress tolerance has been studied. Fifteen days old tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants grown hydroponically with or without NaCl were fed with 2.5 mM Si in the form of potassium silicate [K2SiO3]. The response to a combined effect of NaCl and Si were studied 5 days after treatment. Proteomic analysis indicated that 40 proteins were differentially expressed under Si and/or salt stress treatments. Twenty-four of them were up-regulated by Si supplements (50 mM +NaCl/+Si) and down-regulated in salt-stressed roots (50 mM +NaCl/−Si), and these proteins were mostly associated with stress responses, plant hormones and transcriptional regulations. The rest of them belong to other secondary metabolites. Moreover, 17 differentially expressed proteins (25 mM +NaCl/+Si), up-regulated in the Si treatments, were mostly related to stress responses, plant hormones and cellular biosynthesis, and the rest of the proteins were related to transcriptional regulation, RNA binding and other secondary metabolisms. In addition, 17 protein spots were observed absent in salinity-stressed roots (25/or 50 mM +NaCl/−Si). Moreover, the important genes associated with salt stress responses (leDREB-1, leDREB-2 and leDREB-3), antioxidants (leAPX, leSOD and leCAT genes) and Si transport (leLsi-1, leLsi-2 and leLsi-3) were analyzed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction. The physiological data such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, superoxide dismutase as an oxidative stress marker and concentration of Si all correlated well with proteomic and gene expression data. The observed responses to Si supply in salt stressed plants indicate that the Si has a substantial role in alleviating the salinity stress responses by improving the root proteome and activating important genes responsible for stress tolerance.
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TL;DR: The potential for improving plant resistance to drought and salt stress by Si application is highlighted and a theoretical basis for application of Si in saline soils and arid and semiarid regions worldwide is provided.
Abstract: Drought and salinity are the main abiotic stresses limiting crop yield and quality worldwide. Improving food production in drought- and salt-prone areas is the key to meet the increasing food demands in near future. It has been widely reported that silicon (Si), a second most abundant element in soil, could reduce drought and salt stress in plants. Here, we reviewed the emerging role of Si in enhancing drought and salt tolerance in plants and highlighted the mechanisms through which Si could alleviate both drought and salt stress in plants. Silicon application increased plant growth, biomass, photosynthetic pigments, straw and grain yield, and quality under either drought or salt stress. Under both salt and drought stress, the key mechanisms evoked are nutrient elements homeostasis, modification of gas exchange attributes, osmotic adjustment, regulating the synthesis of compatible solutes, stimulation of antioxidant enzymes, and gene expression in plants. In addition, Si application decreased Na+ uptake and translocation while increased K+ uptake and translocation under salt stress. However, these mechanisms vary with plant species, genotype, growth conditions, duration of stress imposed, and so on. This review article highlights the potential for improving plant resistance to drought and salt stress by Si application and provides a theoretical basis for application of Si in saline soils and arid and semiarid regions worldwide. This review article also highlights the future research needs about the role of Si under drought stress and in saline soils.
320 citations
Cites background from "Proteomic analysis of salt-stress r..."
...In literature, many studies reported Simediated enhancement in antioxidant enzyme activities and decrease in oxidative stress in salt-stressed tomato plants grown in sand culture (Li et al. 2015) and in solution culture (Muneer and Jeong 2015)....
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...Muneer and Jeong (2015) reported that Si application activated the important genes, associated with salt stress responses (leDREB-1, leDREB-2, and leDREB-3), antioxidants (leAPX, leSOD, and leCAT genes), and Si transport (leLsi-1, leLsi-2, and leLsi-3), in salt-stressed tomato responsible for salt…...
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TL;DR: Investigation of the effects of Si on root water uptake and its role in decreasing oxidative damage in relation to root hydraulic conductance in tomato showed that Si addition ameliorated the inhibition in tomato growth and photosynthesis, and improved water status under water stress.
Abstract: Silicon (Si) can improve drought tolerance in plants, but the mechanism is still not fully understood. Previous research has been concentrating on Si’s role in leaf water maintenance in Si accumulators, while little information is available on its role in water uptake and in less Si-accumulating plants. Here, we investigated the effects of Si on root water uptake and its role in decreasing oxidative damage in relation to root hydraulic conductance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ‘Zhongza No.9’) under water stress. Tomato seedlings were subjected to water stress induced by 10% (w/v) polyethylene glycol-6000 in the absence or presence of 2.5 mM added silicate. The results showed that Si addition ameliorated the inhibition in tomato growth and photosynthesis, and improved water status under water stress. The root hydraulic conductance of tomato plants was decreased under water stress, and it was significantly increased by added Si. There was no significant contribution of osmotic adjustment in Si-enhanced root water uptake under water stress. The transcriptions of plasma membrane aquaporin genes were not obviously changed by Si under water stress. Water stress increased the production of reactive oxygen species and induced oxidative damage, while added Si reversed these. In addition, Si addition increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and the levels of ascorbic acid and glutathione in the roots under stress. It is concluded that Si enhances the water stress tolerance via enhancing root hydraulic conductance and water uptake in tomato plants. Si-mediated decrease in membrane oxidative damage may have contributed to the enhanced root hydraulic conductance.
172 citations
Cites background from "Proteomic analysis of salt-stress r..."
...The positive effect of Si on salt tolerance of tomato has been reported (Muneer et al., 2014; Muneer and Jeong, 2015)....
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TL;DR: The increased rate of grain filling and efficient proteomic protection, fueled by better assimilate translocation, overcome HNT tolerance in rice.
Abstract: High night temperatures (HNTs) can reduce significantly the global rice (Oryza sativa) yield and quality. A systematic analysis of HNT response at the physiological and molecular levels was performed under field conditions. Contrasting rice accessions, N22 (highly tolerant) and Gharib (susceptible), were evaluated at 22°C (control) and 28°C (HNT). Nitrogen (N) and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) translocation from different plant tissues into grains at key developmental stages, and their contribution to yield, grain-filling dynamics and quality aspects, were evaluated. Proteomic profiling of flag leaf and spikelets at 100% flowering and 12 d after flowering was conducted, and their reprogramming patterns were explored. Grain yield reduction in susceptible Gharib was traced back to the significant reduction in N and NSC translocation after flowering, resulting in reduced maximum and mean grain-filling rate, grain weight and grain quality. A combined increase in heat shock proteins (HSPs), Ca signaling proteins and efficient protein modification and repair mechanisms (particularly at the early grain-filling stage) enhanced N22 tolerance for HNT. The increased rate of grain filling and efficient proteomic protection, fueled by better assimilate translocation, overcome HNT tolerance in rice. Temporal and spatial proteome programming alters dynamically between key developmental stages and guides future transgenic and molecular analysis targeted towards crop improvement.
168 citations
Cites background or methods from "Proteomic analysis of salt-stress r..."
...However, in the majority of the studies, either vegetative (Salekdeh et al., 2002; Yan et al., 2005) or reproductive (Imin et al....
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...Yan et al. (2005), using salt stress-affected rice seedling roots, and Kerim et al. (2003), using anthers at different developmental stages, applied the two-dimensional proteomic approach and demonstrated the proteome dynamics at different time points....
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...However, in the majority of the studies, either vegetative (Salekdeh et al., 2002; Yan et al., 2005) or reproductive (Imin et al., 2004; Liu & Bennett, 2011) tissues, and generally at a single time point, have been used to study proteome changes....
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...The percentage volume of each spot was estimated and the abundance ratio (% volume of spot under stress/% volume spot under control; Yan et al., 2005; Jagadish et al., 2010, 2011) was calculated....
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TL;DR: In this article, the protection effect of silicon (Si) against salt stress-induced damage to mung bean plants was investigated, and it was shown that the effect of Si in the form of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) to NaCl-stressed plants ameliorated the adverse effects of NaCl on growth, biomass, pigment synthesis and leaf relative water content (LRWC).
Abstract: Mung bean is an important pulse crop. It is highly nutritive but is vulnerable to salinity stress. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of silicon (Si) against salt stress-induced damage to mung bean plants. Mung bean plants treated with NaCl (0, 50 and 100 mM) showed considerable declines in length and dry weights of shoots and roots. Chlorophyll-a (chl-a), chl-b, total chl, carotenoids and leaf relative water content (LRWC) decreased under NaCl stress. However, supplementation with Si in the form of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) to NaCl-stressed plants ameliorated the adverse effects of NaCl on growth, biomass, pigment synthesis and leaf relative water content (LRWC). Silicon (Si)-supplemented plants exhibited enhanced chl-fluorescence and gas exchange parameters under normal (non-stress) as well as NaCl stress conditions. Salt-induced decline in the frequency of stomata and number of leaves per plant under salt stress was significantly recovered with Si supplementation. In addition, application of Si increased the levels of proline and glycine betaine in mung bean plants. Furthermore, histochemical staining tests showed that the levels of superoxide radicals and H2O2 increased with NaCl treatments, which thereby resulted in increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) and electrolyte leakage. Contrarily, decreased levels of H2O2, lipid peroxidation (measured as MDA content), and electrolyte leakage in Si-supplemented plants under NaCl stress indicated the stress mitigating role of Si. The activities of key antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX and GR) under NaCl stress showed an increase under the NaCl regime. However, application of Si further boosted the activities of all four antioxidant enzymes in NaCl-stressed plants. The enhanced Na+ uptake and Na+/K+ ratio in mung bean plants accompanied by decreased K+ and Ca2+ uptake under NaCl stress were reversed with Si supplementation thereby resulting in enhanced accumulation of K+ and Ca2+ and decreased Na+. In conclusion, Si supplementation mitigated the negative effects of NaCl on mung bean plants through modifications in uptake of inorganic nutrients, osmolyte production and the antioxidant defence system.
162 citations
Cites background from "Proteomic analysis of salt-stress r..."
...Recently, Si has been shown to play an important role in ROS detoxification by promoting the activities of antioxidant enzymes in tomato plants under salt stress (Muneer and Jeong 2015)....
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09 Feb 2019
TL;DR: In the present review, Si-transporters identified in different species, their evolution and the Si-uptake mechanism have been addressed, and the role of Si in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance has been discussed.
Abstract: Silicon (Si) being considered as a non-essential element for plant growth and development finds its role in providing several benefits to the plant, especially under stress conditions. Thus, Si can be regarded as “multi-talented” quasi-essential element. It is the most abundant element present in the earth’s crust after oxygen predominantly as a silicon dioxide (SiO2), a form plants cannot utilize. Plants take up Si into their root from the soil in the plant-available forms (PAF) such as silicic acid or mono silicic acid [Si(OH)4 or H4SiO4]. Nevertheless, besides being abundantly available, the PAF of Si in the soil is mostly a limiting factor. To improve Si-uptake and derived benefits therein in plants, understanding the molecular basis of Si-uptake and transport within the tissues has great importance. Numerous Si-transporters (influx and efflux) have been identified in both monocot and dicot plants. A difference in the root anatomy of both monocot and dicot plants leads to a difference in the Si-uptake mechanism. In the present review, Si-transporters identified in different species, their evolution and the Si-uptake mechanism have been addressed. Further, the role of Si in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance has been discussed. The information provided here will help to plan the research in a better way to develop more sustainable cropping system by harnessing Si-derived benefits.
150 citations
Cites background from "Proteomic analysis of salt-stress r..."
...…to salt stress responses (leDREB-1, leDREB-2 and leDREB-3), Si transport (leLsi-1, leLsi-2 and leLsi-3), and antioxidants (leAPX, leSOD and leCAT ) Muneer and Jeong (2015) 3 Biotech (2019) 9:73 1 3 Page 11 of 16 73 explain how Si provides increased protection to plants under stressed conditions....
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...2015; Muneer and Jeong 2015)....
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...In addition, Si application was observed to activate the genes related to salt stress responses (leDREB-1, leDREB-2 and leDREB-3), Si transport (leLsi-1, leLsi-2 and leLsi-3), and antioxidants (leAPX, leSOD and leCAT ), in salt-stressed tomato responsible for salt tolerance (Muneer and Jeong 2015)....
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...In addition, Si application was observed to activated the genes related to salt stress responses (leDREB-1, leDREB-2 and leDREB-3), Si transport (leLsi-1, leLsi-2 and leLsi-3), and antioxidants (leAPX, leSOD and leCAT ), in salt-stressed tomato responsible for salt tolerance (Muneer and Jeong 2015)....
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References
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TL;DR: This assay is very reproducible and rapid with the dye binding process virtually complete in approximately 2 min with good color stability for 1 hr with little or no interference from cations such as sodium or potassium nor from carbohydrates such as sucrose.
225,085 citations
"Proteomic analysis of salt-stress r..." refers methods in this paper
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TL;DR: It is concluded that isolated chloroplasts upon illumination can undergo a cyclic peroxidation initiated by the light absorbed by chlorophyll.
8,615 citations
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TL;DR: Silver staining allows a substantial shortening of sample preparation time and may, therefore, be preferable over Coomassie staining, and this work removes a major obstacle to the low-level sequence analysis of proteins separated on polyacrylamide gels.
Abstract: Proteins from silver-stained gels can be digested enzymatically and the resulting peptides analyzed and sequenced by mass spectrometry. Standard proteins yield the same peptide maps when extracted from Coomassie- and silver-stained gels, as judged by electrospray and MALDI mass spectrometry. The low nanogram range can be reached by the protocols described here, and the method is robust. A silver-stained one-dimensional gel of a fraction from yeast proteins was analyzed by nanoelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry. In the sequencing, more than 1000 amino acids were covered, resulting in no evidence of chemical modifications due to the silver staining procedure. Silver staining allows a substantial shortening of sample preparation time and may, therefore, be preferable over Coomassie staining. This work removes a major obstacle to the low-level sequence analysis of proteins separated on polyacrylamide gels.
8,437 citations
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3,514 citations
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...The absorbance of the supernatant was read at 532 nm and corrected for unspecific turbidity after subtraction from the value obtained at 600 nm. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was determined by the method of Dhindsa et al. (1981) with minor modifications....
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TL;DR: The effects of drought stress on the growth, phenology, water and nutrient relations, photosynthesis, assimilate partitioning, and respiration in plants, and the mechanism of drought resistance in plants on a morphological, physiological and molecular basis are reviewed.
Abstract: Scarcity of water is a severe environmental constraint to plant productivity. Drought-induced loss in crop yield probably exceeds losses from all other causes, since both the severity and duration of the stress are critical. Here, we have reviewed the effects of drought stress on the growth, phenology, water and nutrient relations, photosynthesis, assimilate partitioning, and respiration in plants. This article also describes the mechanism of drought resistance in plants on a morphological, physiological and molecular basis. Various management strategies have been proposed to cope with drought stress. Drought stress reduces leaf size, stem extension and root proliferation, disturbs plant water relations and reduces water-use efficiency. Plants display a variety of physiological and biochemical responses at cellular and whole-organism levels towards prevailing drought stress, thus making it a complex phenomenon. CO2 assimilation by leaves is reduced mainly by stomatal closure, membrane damage and disturbed activity of various enzymes, especially those of CO2 fixation and adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Enhanced metabolite flux through the photorespiratory pathway increases the oxidative load on the tissues as both processes generate reactive oxygen species. Injury caused by reactive oxygen species to biological macromolecules under drought stress is among the major deterrents to growth. Plants display a range of mechanisms to withstand drought stress. The major mechanisms include curtailed water loss by increased diffusive resistance, enhanced water uptake with prolific and deep root systems and its efficient use, and smaller and succulent leaves to reduce the transpirational loss. Among the nutrients, potassium ions help in osmotic adjustment; silicon increases root endodermal silicification and improves the cell water balance. Low-molecular-weight osmolytes, including glycinebetaine, proline and other amino acids, organic acids, and polyols, are crucial to sustain cellular functions under drought. Plant growth substances such as salicylic acid, auxins, gibberrellins, cytokinin and abscisic acid modulate the plant responses towards drought. Polyamines, citrulline and several enzymes act as antioxidants and reduce the adverse effects of water deficit. At molecular levels several drought-responsive genes and transcription factors have been identified, such as the dehydration-responsive element-binding gene, aquaporin, late embryogenesis abundant proteins and dehydrins. Plant drought tolerance can be managed by adopting strategies such as mass screening and breeding, marker-assisted selection and exogenous application of hormones and osmoprotectants to seed or growing plants, as well as engineering for drought resistance.
3,488 citations
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...It is also well known that plant hormones not only is involved in the regulation of developmental pathways but also play a regulatory role in tolerance of various abiotic stresses including salt stress (Farooq et al. 2009; Hubbard et al. 2010; Lata and Prasad 2011)....
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