Psychological Capital Predicts Academic Engagement and Well-Being in Filipino High School Students
TL;DR: In this paper, structural equation modeling revealed that PsyCap positively predicted academic engagement, flourishing, interdependent happiness, and positive affect among 606 Filipino high school students who were recruited in the study.
Abstract: Previous literature emphasized the role of psychological capital (PsyCap) in fostering positive organizational and work outcomes. However, there were very scarce investigations on the benefits of PsyCap especially in non-Western academic settings. The current research addresses this gap through assessing the extent to which PsyCap can be associated with optimal academic and well-being outcomes. There were 606 Filipino high school students who were recruited in the study. The results of structural equation modeling revealed that PsyCap positively predicted academic engagement, flourishing, interdependent happiness, and positive affect. Implications of the findings are elaborated in terms of how PsyCap can potentially assist in facilitating positive student outcomes in a non-Western context.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the role of psychological capital in academic motivation, engagement, and achievement using both cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches and found that PsyCap was associated with higher autonomous motivation and controlled motivation even after controlling for relevant demographic variables.
Abstract: Psychological capital (PsyCap) has been widely investigated in the organizational context. However, limited attention has been given to the role of PsyCap in the academic setting. The primary objective of this study was to examine how PsyCap is associated with academic motivation, engagement, and achievement using both cross-sectional (Study 1) and longitudinal (Study 2) approaches. Study 1 revealed that PsyCap was associated with higher autonomous motivation and controlled motivation even after controlling for relevant demographic variables. PsyCap was also associated with lower levels of amotivation. Study 2 showed that PsyCap was both a concurrent and prospective predictor of autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, academic engagement, and academic achievement even after controlling for their respective autoregressors and other relevant covariates. Mediational analyses indicated that the effects of T1 PsyCap on T2 achievement and T2 engagement were mediated by T2 autonomous motivation. Th...
98 citations
Cites background from "Psychological Capital Predicts Acad..."
...Aside from motivation, PsyCap may also be positively associated with academic engagement (Datu & Valdez, 2016; Siu et al., 2014)....
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...…academic setting converged with the extant literature on the advantageous consequences of PsyCap on adaptive student outcomes such as academic achievement (Luthans, Luthans, & Jensen, 2012), intrinsic motivation (Siu et al., 2014), and academic engagement (Datu & Valdez, 2016; Siu et al., 2014)....
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...…there are previous studies that have investigated how PsyCap is associated with specific academic outcomes such as academic achievement (Luthans, Avolio, et al., 2007), school engagement (Datu & Valdez, 2016; Siu et al., 2014), and motivation (Siu et al., 2014), these studies have key limitations....
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...Moreover, the characteristics that would make a student successful are not so different from the characteristics that employees need in order to succeed in their organizations (Datu & Valdez, 2016; Siu et al., 2014)....
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...Due to the work-like nature of the academic tasks that they typically engage in (Datu & Valdez, 2016; Siu et al., 2014), it is likely that PsyCap would play a vital role in optimizing adaptive student outcomes as well....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between study-related positive emotions and academic performance, and the mediating role of psychological capital in this relationship through structural equation modelling (SEM).
Abstract: The present study, based on broaden–and–build theory, examines the relationship between study–related positive emotions and academic performance, and the mediating role of psychological capital in this relationship. A sample of 639 Chilean high school students between 14 and 17 years old was used. Through structural equation modelling (SEM),—as hypothesized—a statistically significant indirect effect was found between study–related positive emotions and academic performance via psychological capital. Students’ study–related positive emotions were related to better academic performance through positive relationships with their levels of psychological capital (i.e., efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience). Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed, limitations are mentioned, and future research directions are proposed.
84 citations
Cites background from "Psychological Capital Predicts Acad..."
...2014; You 2016), and student well–being (Datu and Valdez 2016)....
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...2014), learning empowerment (Liao and Liu 2016; You 2016), study engagement (Datu and Valdez 2016; Datu et al....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between positive emotions and academic performance, and the mediated role played by academic psychological capital and academic engagement, in a sample of 497 Chilean high school students.
Abstract: The present study examined the relationship between positive emotions and academic performance, and the mediated role played by academic psychological capital and academic engagement, in a sample of 497 Chilean high school students. Participants´ ages ranged from 14 to 17 years old, with a mean of 15.71 (SD = 1.15). Findings supported our hypothesized model that academic psychological capital and academic engagement mediate the relationship between positive emotions and academic performance (GPA). The proposed model has theoretical implications for future research and practical implications for school settings. The promotion of positive emotions in students is a relevant challenge for principals, teachers, and parents in attempting to build academic psychological capital and academic engagement, which in turn may lead to higher academic performance.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the association of flourishing with relevant academic outcomes (i.e., perceived academic achievement, behavioral engagement, and emotional engagement) after controlling for relevant demographic variables, life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect among Filipino undergraduate and high school students.
Abstract: Flourishing emphasizes the importance of integrating subjective well-being and psychological well-being to offer a more comprehensive view of mental health. Recognizing the potential advantage of flourishing, previous empirical studies have examined the relations of flourishing to positive psychological outcomes such as hope, life satisfaction, mental health, and positive emotions. However, it appears that limited research has been carried out to assess the role of flourishing in the educational context. Hence, the current research examined the association of flourishing with relevant academic outcomes (i.e., perceived academic achievement, academic achievement, behavioral engagement, and emotional engagement) after controlling for relevant demographic variables, life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect among Filipino undergraduate and high school students. Study 1 showed that flourishing positively predicted self-report academic achievement of Filipino undergraduate students after controlling for age, gender, and subjective well-being domains (life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect). Similarly, Study 2 showed that flourishing positively predicted objective measure of academic achievement, behavioral engagement, and emotional engagement in Filipino high school students even after controlling for the influence of demographic variables and subjective well-being domains. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
53 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper explored the relationship between leadership styles, psychological capital and job engagement, and found that transformational and transactional leadership positively predicted employees' psychological capital.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between leadership styles, psychological capital and job engagement.,Data were collected among knowledge workers working no less than 1 year in three high-tech enterprises in Henan Province, China. The investigation was conducted with the cooperation from the human resource departments of the selected enterprises from August to October 2014. To minimize potential common method bias, the authors adopted a cross-lagged design with a time gap of four months. The statistical methods included descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling (SEM) and bootstrap analysis.,The results showed: leadership styles significantly influenced employees’ psychological capital and work engagement; specifically, transformational and transactional leadership positively predicted employees’ psychological capital and work engagement; compared with transactional leadership, transformational leadership had stronger predictive power to employees’ psychological capital and work engagement; employees’ psychological capital positively predicted their work engagement; and employees’ psychological capital acts as partial mediator between leadership styles and employees’ work engagement.,Although a body of studies have shown that leadership is an important factor influencing employees’ work attitude and outcomes, it is only in recent years that the effect mechanism of leadership becomes a hot subject in organizational behavior and management fields. As for leadership styles, in general, most research concerned transformational leadership, rather than transactional leadership and only a little of research compared the effects of transformational leadership and transactional leadership on employees’ work outcomes. In terms of outcomes of leadership, as noted earlier, the previous research mainly explored job performance, job satisfaction, innovation behavior, job burnout and so on. Regarding the effect of leadership styles on employees’ work engagement, in spite of more and more supportive evidence of the link between transformational leadership and work engagement, few studies examined the relationship between transactional leadership and work engagement. What’s more, to the best of our knowledge, till now, no empirical research has explored the internal mechanism of this effect from the perspective of psychological capital. Therefore, the present study is a breakthrough for the direct model of leadership styles and employees’ engagement, theoretically bridges the research gap and contributes to the existing literature by presenting a new picture of leadership behavior effect mechanism.
53 citations
Cites background or methods or result from "Psychological Capital Predicts Acad..."
...2 Psychological Capital and work engagement Consistent with the previous research (Datu and Valdez, 2016; Ji, 2016; Paeka et al., 2015), the present study found that knowledge workers’ psychological capital positively predicted their work engagement....
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...Therefore, as a positive psychological state, psychological capital contributes to improving individual work engagement (Datu and Valdez, 2016; Ji, 2016; Paeka et al., 2015)....
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...Consistent with the previous research (Datu and Valdez, 2016; Ji, 2016; Paeka et al., 2015), the present study found that knowledge workers’ psychological capital positively predicted their work engagement....
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...Recently, several empirical studies have examined the close correlation between psychological capital and work engagement across different subjects (Datu and Valdez, 2016; Ji, 2016; Paeka et al., 2015)....
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...Given the positive effect of psychological capital on various outcomes, such as job performance and work engagement (Avey et al., 2011; Datu and Valdez, 2016; Ji, 2016), it will be valuable to explore the antecedents of this important psychological resource....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the adequacy of the conventional cutoff criteria and several new alternatives for various fit indexes used to evaluate model fit in practice were examined, and the results suggest that, for the ML method, a cutoff value close to.95 for TLI, BL89, CFI, RNI, and G...
Abstract: This article examines the adequacy of the “rules of thumb” conventional cutoff criteria and several new alternatives for various fit indexes used to evaluate model fit in practice. Using a 2‐index presentation strategy, which includes using the maximum likelihood (ML)‐based standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) and supplementing it with either Tucker‐Lewis Index (TLI), Bollen's (1989) Fit Index (BL89), Relative Noncentrality Index (RNI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Gamma Hat, McDonald's Centrality Index (Mc), or root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA), various combinations of cutoff values from selected ranges of cutoff criteria for the ML‐based SRMR and a given supplemental fit index were used to calculate rejection rates for various types of true‐population and misspecified models; that is, models with misspecified factor covariance(s) and models with misspecified factor loading(s). The results suggest that, for the ML method, a cutoff value close to .95 for TLI, BL89, CFI, RNI, and G...
76,383 citations
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01 Jan 1997TL;DR: SelfSelf-Efficacy (SE) as discussed by the authors is a well-known concept in human behavior, which is defined as "belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments".
Abstract: Albert Bandura and the Exercise of Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control Albert Bandura. New York: W. H. Freeman (www.whfreeman.com). 1997, 604 pp., $46.00 (hardcover). Enter the term "self-efficacy" in the on-line PSYCLIT database and you will find over 2500 articles, all of which stem from the seminal contributions of Albert Bandura. It is difficult to do justice to the immense importance of this research for our theories, our practice, and indeed for human welfare. Self-efficacy (SE) has proven to be a fruitful construct in spheres ranging from phobias (Bandura, Jeffery, & Gajdos, 1975) and depression (Holahan & Holahan, 1987) to career choice behavior (Betz & Hackett, 1986) and managerial functioning (Jenkins, 1994). Bandura's Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control is the best attempt so far at organizing, summarizing, and distilling meaning from this vast and diverse literature. Self-Efficacy may prove to be Bandura's magnum opus. Dr. Bandura has done an impressive job of summarizing over 1800 studies and papers, integrating these results into a coherent framework, and detailing implications for theory and practice. While incorporating prior works such as Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977) and "Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency" (Bandura, 1982), Self-Efficacy extends these works by describing results of diverse new research, clarifying and extending social cognitive theory, and fleshing out implications of the theory for groups, organizations, political bodies, and societies. Along the way, Dr. Bandura masterfully contrasts social cognitive theory with many other theories of human behavior and helps chart a course for future research. Throughout, B andura' s clear, firm, and self-confident writing serves as the perfect vehicle for the theory he espouses. Self-Efficacy begins with the most detailed and clear explication of social cognitive theory that I have yet seen, and proceeds to delineate the nature and sources of SE, the well-known processes via which SE mediates human behavior, and the development of SE over the life span. After laying this theoretical groundwork, subsequent chapters delineate the relevance of SE to human endeavor in a variety of specific content areas including cognitive and intellectual functioning; health; clinical problems including anxiety, phobias, depression, eating disorders, alcohol problems, and drug abuse; athletics and exercise activity; organizations; politics; and societal change. In Bandura's words, "Perceived self-efficacy refers to beliefs in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments" (p. 3). People's SE beliefs have a greater effect on their motivation, emotions, and actions than what is objectively true (e.g., actual skill level). Therefore, SE beliefs are immensely important in choice of behaviors (including occupations, social relationships, and a host of day-to-day behaviors), effort expenditure, perseverance in pursuit of goals, resilience to setbacks and problems, stress level and affect, and indeed in our ways of thinking about ourselves and others. Bandura affirms many times that humans are proactive and free as well as determined: They are "at least partial architects of their own destinies" (p. 8). Because SE beliefs powerfully affect human behaviors, they are a key factor in human purposive activity or agency; that is, in human freedom. Because humans shape their environment even as they are shaped by it, SE beliefs are also pivotal in the construction of our social and physical environments. Bandura details over two decades of research confirming that SE is modifiable via mastery experiences, vicarious learning, verbal persuasion, and interpretation of physiological states, and that modified SE strongly and consistently predicts outcomes. SE beliefs, then, are central to human self-determination. STRENGTHS One major strength of Self-Efficacy is Bandura's ability to deftly dance from forest to trees and back again to forest, using specific, human examples and concrete situations to highlight his major theoretical premises, to which he then returns. …
46,839 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide guidance for substantive researchers on the use of structural equation modeling in practice for theory testing and development, and present a comprehensive, two-step modeling approach that employs a series of nested models and sequential chi-square difference tests.
Abstract: In this article, we provide guidance for substantive researchers on the use of structural equation modeling in practice for theory testing and development. We present a comprehensive, two-step modeling approach that employs a series of nested models and sequential chi-square difference tests. We discuss the comparative advantages of this approach over a one-step approach. Considerations in specification, assessment of fit, and respecification of measurement models using confirmatory factor analysis are reviewed. As background to the two-step approach, the distinction between exploratory and confirmatory analysis, the distinction between complementary approaches for theory testing versus predictive application, and some developments in estimation methods also are discussed.
34,720 citations
TL;DR: A scale measuring dispositional optimism, defined in terms of generalized outcome expectancies, was used in a longitudinal study of symptom reporting among a group of undergraduates and predicted that subjects who initially reported being highly optimistic were subsequently less likely to report being bothered by symptoms.
Abstract: This article describes a scale measuring dispositional optimism, defined in terms of generalized outcome expectancies. Two preliminary studies assessed the scale's psychometric properties and its relationships with several other instruments. The scale was then used in a longitudinal study of symptom reporting among a group of undergraduates. Specifically, respondents were asked to complete three questionnaires 4 weeks before the end of a semester. Included in the questionnaire battery was the measure of optimism, a measure of private self-consciousness, and a 39-item physical symptom checklist. Subjects completed the same set of questionnaires again on the last day of class. Consistent with predictions, subjects who initially reported being highly optimistic were subsequently less likely to report being bothered by symptoms (even after correcting for initial symptom-report levels) than were subjects who initially reported being less optimistic. This effect tended to be stronger among persons high in private self-consciousness than among those lower in private self-consciousness. Discussion centers on other health related applications of the optimism scale, and the relationships between our theoretical orientation and several related theories.
6,104 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the controversial practice of using parcels of items as manifest variables in structural equation modeling (SEM) procedures and conclude that the unconsidered use of parcels is never warranted, while, at the same time, the considered use of items cannot be dismissed out of hand.
Abstract: We examine the controversial practice of using parcels of items as manifest variables in structural equation modeling (SEM) procedures. After detailing arguments pro and con, we conclude that the unconsidered use of parcels is never warranted, while, at the same time, the considered use of parcels cannot be dismissed out of hand. In large part, the decision to parcel or not depends on one's philosophical stance regarding scientific inquiry (e.g., empiricist vs. pragmatist) and the substantive goal of a study (e.g., to understand the structure of a set of items or to examine the nature of a set of constructs). Prior to creating parcels, however, we recommend strongly that investigators acquire a thorough understanding of the nature and dimensionality of the items to be parceled. With this knowledge in hand, various techniques for creating parcels can be utilized to minimize potential pitfalls and to optimize the measurement structure of constructs in SEM procedures. A number of parceling techniques are des...
5,426 citations