Psychological distress among parents of children with mental retardation in the United Arab Emirates.
TL;DR: Father's work appeared to be a significant predictor of parental stress, indicating that for fathers who were not working the level of stress was higher than fathers whoWere working, lower socioeconomic level was associated with greater symptom rates of cognitive disturbance, depression, anxiety, and despair among parents.
About: This article is published in Social Science & Medicine.The article was published on 2007-02-01. It has received 147 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Distress & Family Environment Scale.
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TL;DR: It is concluded that culturally sensitive, parental support strategies must be central to the planning and development of services in developing countries with scarce professional resources.
Abstract: Most research into Autism Spectrum Disorders has been conducted in affluent English-speaking countries which have extensive professional support services. This paper describes a series of investigations that was undertaken in Iran, and these findings, together with reviews of research in other low-income countries, are used to identify key lessons in three areas of service provision of particular relevance to developing countries with scarce professional resources: first, the issues to be considered in establishing the prevalence of the condition nationally; second, identification of parental understanding of ASD and the impact it has on them as carers; third, the education and training that could be provided to families when professional supports are sparse. It is concluded that culturally sensitive, parental support strategies must be central to the planning and development of services. Moreover, future research should further elucidate the needs of families and evaluate the impact of culturally tailored interventions designed to promote the children’s development and overall family quality of life.
106 citations
Cites result from "Psychological distress among parent..."
...Similar findings have been reported by researchers in other cultures such as Middle Eastern Arabs and English families [63, 64]....
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TL;DR: It is concluded that courtesy stigma is an under-studied determinant of workplace health among care providers serving socially denigrated groups.
Abstract: Courtesy stigma, also referred to as 'stigma by association', involves public disapproval evoked as a consequence of associating with a stigmatised individual or group. While a small number of sociological studies have shown how courtesy stigma limits the social support and social opportunities available to family members of stigmatised individuals, there is a paucity of research examining courtesy stigma among the large network of people who provide health and social services to stigmatised groups. This article presents results from a mixed methods study of the workplace experiences of a purposive sample of workers in a non-profit organisation providing services to sex workers in Canada. The findings demonstrate that courtesy stigma plays a role in workplace health as it shapes both the workplace environment, including the range of resources made available to staff to carry out their work activities, as well as staff perceptions of others' support. At the same time, it was evident that some workers were more vulnerable to courtesy stigma than others depending on their social location. We discuss these results in light of the existing literature on courtesy stigma and conclude that it is an under-studied determinant of workplace health among care providers serving socially denigrated groups.
81 citations
Cites background or result from "Psychological distress among parent..."
...…lead to strained social interactions, which in turn contribute to reduced social support, isolation and associated health outcomes such as increased stress and depression (Gray 2002, Corrigan and Miller 2004, Green 2003, Khamis 2006, Thomas 2006, Turner et al. 2007, Norvilitis et al. 2002)....
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...As has been found in other research, not all individuals working at PEERS experienced courtesy stigma equally (Corrigan and Miller 2004, Khamis 2006, Kusow 2004, Green 2004, MacRae 1999, Turner et al. 2007)....
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...…of work addressing the courtesy stigma experienced by family members of stigmatised individuals, including, most notably, people affected by cognitive disability, HIV ⁄AIDS, or psychiatric illness (Birenbaum 1970, Corrigan and Miller 2004, Gray 2002, Green 2003, Khamis 2006, Turner et al. 2007)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the impact of intellectual disability on Bedouin-Arab families' caregiver burden, family functioning, marital quality, and sense of coherence was investigated, and the results revealed that families with intellectually disabled children reported more problematic family functioning.
Abstract: The present article is the first to consider the impact of intellectual disability on Bedouin‐Arab families’ caregiver burden, family functioning, marital quality, and sense of coherence A random sample of 300 Bedouin‐Arab parents with one or more intellectually disabled children, and a control group (n = 100) completed the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD), the ENRICH marital quality questionnaire, Robinson’s Caregiver Strain Index, the Sense of Coherence (SOC) questionnaire, and a basic demographic questionnaire Findings revealed that families with intellectually disabled children reported more problematic family functioning, less marital satisfaction, more caregiver burden, and lower sense of coherence Differences were found related to parental age, marital status, and education level, and the number of intellectually disabled children in the family These findings have implications for family‐centred care, for the educational, health, and social services that support familial structures, and
77 citations
Cites background from "Psychological distress among parent..."
...Depending on one’s definition, rates of intellectual disability are between 1.5–3% of the population; a recent study in the United Arab Emirates estimates a prevalence rate of 2.44% (Eapena et al. 2006)....
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...As previous research on intellectual disabilities in the United Arab Emirates confirms, parents of intellectually disabled children may be under a high degree of stress, and may find their circumstances economically, emotionally, psychologically, and socially challenging (Khamis 2007)....
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...Parents of intellectually disabled children are at increased risk to develop guilt, as well as emotional and familial difficulties (Carr 1988; Khamis 2007)....
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...Family-centred interventions have been strongly encouraged in the area of intellectual disability (Baker, Landen, and Kashima 2002); yet, there remains limited scholarship on the nature of family coping and family constructs of intellectual disabilities from a cross-cultural perspective (Khamis 2007)....
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...While a promising and growing scholarship examines the significance of intellectual disability on Arab families in northern Israel (Duvdevany and Abboud 2003; Reiter, Mari, and Rosenberg 1986), and the United Arab Emirates (Khamis 2007), to date no studies have considered the significance of intellectual disability to...
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TL;DR: Analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study in the United Kingdom indicated that controlling for between-group differences in socioeconomic circumstances reduced the differences in probable psychiatric disorder to non-significance for fathers and markedly attenuated the strength of the relationship for mothers, especially for those with children who have less severe early cognitive delay.
Abstract: Results of previous research suggest that parents of children with intellectual disabilities are at increased risk of psychological distress and psychiatric disorder. Secondary analysis of...
75 citations
Cites background from "Psychological distress among parent..."
...These associations appear to be consistent across different measures of distress and disorder and have been reported across a range of social and cultural contexts, including minority ethnic communities in high income countries (Blacher & McIntyre, 2006; Hatton, Akram, Robertson, Shah, & Emerson, 2003) and majority ethnic communities in non-Anglophone countries (Khamis, 2007; Olsson & Hwang, 2008; Veisson, 1999)....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Significantly high proportion of parents of children with ID has psychiatric diagnosis of anxiety, depression or both and the diagnosis in mothers was associated with severity of ID in their children, and the level of psychopathology was assessed.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Studies have shown an association between parental distress and caretaking of children with developmental cognitive delays. There is little data in developing countries, such as Pakistan, concerning the impact of raising children with intellectual disability upon the quality of parent functioning and risk for psychopathology. OBJECTIVE To assess the level of psychopathology i.e. anxiety, depression and both anxiety and depression together among parents of children with intellectual disability (ID). METHODS This was a cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. The study was approved by the Institutional Research Committee. Participants were 198 parents (99 fathers/99 mothers) of 100 children with the diagnosis of ID. Informed consents were obtained. The parents were assessed for anxiety and depression using DSM IV criteria. RESULTS Significantly high proportion of mothers (89%) had anxiety, depression, or both anxiety and depression together as compared to fathers (77%) (p-value <0.05). Among mothers, 35% met criteria for anxiety, 40% for depression and 13% for both anxiety and depression. Among fathers 42% had anxiety, 31% depression and 3% both anxiety and depression. There was a significant association between gender of parent and individual psychiatric diagnosis of anxiety, depression and anxiety and depression together (p-value <0.05). A significant association was also found between mother's anxiety, depression or both and degree of ID of their children (p-value <0.05). CONCLUSIONS 1) Significantly high proportion of parents of children with ID has psychiatric diagnosis of anxiety, depression or both; 2) the psychiatric diagnosis of anxiety, depression and anxiety and depression together is associated with gender of parent; and, 3) the diagnosis of anxiety, depression or both in mothers was associated with severity of ID in their children.
64 citations
Cites background from "Psychological distress among parent..."
...Studies have shown an association between parental distress and caretaking of children with developmental cognitive delays (Cramm & Nieboer, 2011; Khamis, 2007; Saloviita, Itaalinna, & Leinonen, 2003)....
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...Parents reported more psychiatric symptomatology when the child showed a high level of dysfunction (Khamis, 2007)....
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References
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Book•
01 Dec 1969TL;DR: The concepts of power analysis are discussed in this paper, where Chi-square Tests for Goodness of Fit and Contingency Tables, t-Test for Means, and Sign Test are used.
Abstract: Contents: Prefaces. The Concepts of Power Analysis. The t-Test for Means. The Significance of a Product Moment rs (subscript s). Differences Between Correlation Coefficients. The Test That a Proportion is .50 and the Sign Test. Differences Between Proportions. Chi-Square Tests for Goodness of Fit and Contingency Tables. The Analysis of Variance and Covariance. Multiple Regression and Correlation Analysis. Set Correlation and Multivariate Methods. Some Issues in Power Analysis. Computational Procedures.
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01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this article, 40 essays by specialists examine a variety of stress-related conditions, including AIDS, burnout phenomenon, ageing, chronic illnessm the aftermath of the Holocaust, psychosomatic disorders, biomedical indices of stress and sexual abuse.
Abstract: 40 essays by specialists examine a variety of stress-related conditions. They cover the clinical, research and theoretcal aspects of stress - the concept of stress, biological/psychological phenomena, treatment and support. New to this edition are chapters on AIDS, the burnout phenomenon, ageing, chronic illnessm the aftermath of the Holocaust, psychosomatic disorders, biomedical indices of stress and sexual abuse. The chapters on personality, emotion, cognitive processes, depression, bereavement, work-stress, disaster, trauma, alcoholism, stress management and social suppport have been significantly revised.
986 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the early manifestation and continuity of problem behaviours in 205 pre-school children with and without developmental delays were studied, and a transactional model fit the relationship between parenting stress and behaviour problems: high parenting stress contributed to a worsening in child behaviour problems over time.
Abstract: Background Children with intellectual disability are at heightened risk for behaviour problems and diagnosed mental disorder. Methods The present authors studied the early manifestation and continuity of problem behaviours in 205 pre-school children with and without developmental delays. Results Behaviour problems were quite stable over the year from age 36-48 months. Children with developmental delays were rated higher on behaviour problems than their non-delayed peers, and were three times as likely to score in the clinical range. Mothers and fathers showed high agreement in their rating of child problems, especially in the delayed group. Parenting stress was also higher in the delayed group, but was related to the extent of behaviour problems rather than to the child's developmental delay. Conclusion Over time, a transactional model fit the relationship between parenting stress and behaviour problems: high parenting stress contributed to a worsening in child behaviour problems over time, and high child behaviour problems contributed to a worsening in parenting stress. Findings for mothers and fathers were quite similar.
877 citations
TL;DR: For both healthy adults and patients, active and avoidance coping were positively associated with negative life events and individuals who had more personal and environmental resources were more likely to rely on active coping and less likely to use avoidance coping.
Abstract: This study examined personal and contextual predictors of active and avoidance coping strategies in a community sample of over 400 adults and in a sample of over 400 persons entering psychiatric treatment for unipolar depression. Sociodemographic factors of education and income (except for active-cognitive coping), personality dispositions of self-confidence and an easy-going manner, and contextual factors of negative life events and family support each made a significant incremental contribution to predicting active and avoidance coping. Among both healthy adults and patients, active and avoidance coping were positively associated with negative life events. Individuals who had more personal and environmental resources were more likely to rely on active coping and less likely to use avoidance coping. Moreover, for both groups, most of the predictors continued to show significant relations with active and avoidance coping strategies even after the stable component in coping was controlled in a longitudinal design. A comprehensive framework to understand the determinants of coping can be of practical value in suggesting points for therapeutic interventions aimed at fostering more adaptive coping efforts.
810 citations
"Psychological distress among parent..." refers background in this paper
...If personal and family resources are adequate to meet demands, the individual can successfully adapt (Holahan & Moos, 1987; Terry, 1991)....
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Book•
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the progress of early intervention transition to adulthood for children with disabilities in the context of standards-based reform and special education in the United States, focusing on the integration, inclusion, and support of positive outcomes.
Abstract: TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Exceptionality and Special Education. Educational Definition of Exceptional Learners Prevalence of Exceptional Learners Definition of Special Education History and Origins of Special Education Comment on The Progress of Special Education. 2. Integration, Inclusion, and Support of Positive Outcomes. Evaluation and Identification of Exceptional Learners The Intent of Special Education Law: Individualized Education for Students with Disabilities Providing Special Education: Placement Issues for Exceptional Learners Teachers' Roles in Providing Special Education Special Education in the Context of Standards Based Reform 3. Multicultural and Bilingual Aspects of Special Education. America and Multiculturalism Education and Cultural Diversity Multicultural and Bilingual Special Education Identification and Classification of Disabilities Assessment Issues in Multicultural and Bilingual Education Instruction in Multicultural and Bilingual Special Education 4. Parents and Families. Professionals' Changing Views of Parents and Families The Effects of a Child with a Disability on the Family Family Involvement in Treatment and Education 5. Learners with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. What's in a Name? Mental Retardation versus Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Definition Prevalence Causes Identification Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics Educational Considerations Assessment of Progress Early Intervention Transition to Adulthood 6. Learners with Learning Disabilities. Definition Identification Prevalence Causes Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics Educational Consideration Assessment of Progress Early Intervention Transition to Adulthood 7. Learners with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Brief History Definition Prevalence Identification Causes Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics Educational Considerations Medication Considerations Assessment of Progress Early Intervention Transition to Adulthood 8. Learners with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders. Definition Classification Prevalence Causes Identification Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics Educational Considerations Assessment of Progress Early Intervention Transition to Adulthood 9. Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Historical Context: Kanner's and Asperger's Papers. Definition of Autism Spectrum Disorders Prevalence Causes Identification Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics Educational Considerations Service Delivery Models Assessment of Progress Early Intervention Transition to Adulthood 10. Learners with Communication Disorders. Definitions Prevalence Communication Variations Language Disorders Speech Disorders Educational Considerations Assessment of Progress Early Intervention Transition to Adulthood 11. Learners Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing. Definition and Classification Prevalence Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear Identification of Hearing Impairment Causes. Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics Educational Considerations Assessment of Progress Early Intervention Transition to Adulthood 12. Learners with Blindness or Low Vision. Definition and Classification Prevalence Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye Identification of Visual Impairment Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics Educational Considerations Service Delivery Models Assessment of Progress Early Intervention Transition to Adulthood 13. Learners with Low-Incidence, Multiple, and Severe Disabilities. Definition and Prevalence Traumatic Brain Injury Deaf-Blindness Considerations for Many Students with Low-Incidence, Multiple, and Severe Disabilities 14. Learners with Physical Disabilities and Other Health Impairment. Definition and Classification Prevalence and Need Neuromotor Impairments Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal Disorders Other Conditions Affecting Health or Physical Ability Prevention of Physical Disabilities Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics Prosthetics, Orthotics, and Adaptive Devices for Daily Living Educational Considerations Early Intervention Transition to Adulthood 15. Learners with Special Gifts and Talents. Definition Prevalence Origins of Giftedness Identification of Giftedness Cultural Values Regarding Student with Special Gifts and Talents and Their Education Neglected Groups of Students with Special Gifts and Talents Educational Considerations
787 citations