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Journal ArticleDOI

Psychophysiology and adaptive automation

05 Feb 1996-Biological Psychology (Elsevier)-Vol. 42, Iss: 3, pp 249-268
TL;DR: This review discusses the basic tenets of adaptive automation and the role of psychophysiological measures in the study of adaptive Automation, and empirical results from studies of flight simulation are presented.
About: This article is published in Biological Psychology.The article was published on 1996-02-05. It has received 367 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Psychophysiology & Automation.
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2000
TL;DR: A model for types and levels of automation is outlined that can be applied to four broad classes of functions: 1) information acquisition; 2) information analysis; 3) decision and action selection; and 4) action implementation.
Abstract: We outline a model for types and levels of automation that provides a framework and an objective basis for deciding which system functions should be automated and to what extent. Appropriate selection is important because automation does not merely supplant but changes human activity and can impose new coordination demands on the human operator. We propose that automation can be applied to four broad classes of functions: 1) information acquisition; 2) information analysis; 3) decision and action selection; and 4) action implementation. Within each of these types, automation can be applied across a continuum of levels from low to high, i.e., from fully manual to fully automatic. A particular system can involve automation of all four types at different levels. The human performance consequences of particular types and levels of automation constitute primary evaluative criteria for automation design using our model. Secondary evaluative criteria include automation reliability and the costs of decision/action consequences, among others. Examples of recommended types and levels of automation are provided to illustrate the application of the model to automation design.

3,246 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Understanding the factors associated with each of these aspects of human use of automation can lead to improved system design, effective training methods, and judicious policies and procedures involving automation use.
Abstract: This paper addresses theoretical, empirical, and analytical studies pertaining to human use, misuse, disuse, and abuse of automation technology. Use refers to the voluntary activation or disengagement of automation by human operators. Trust, mental workload, and risk can influence automation use, but interactions between factors and large individual differences make prediction of automation use difficult. Misuse refers to over reliance on automation, which can result in failures of monitoring or decision biases. Factors affecting the monitoring of automation include workload, automation reliability and consistency, and the saliency of automation state indicators. Disuse, or the neglect or underutilization of automation, is commonly caused by alarms that activate falsely. This often occurs because the base rate of the condition to be detected is not considered in setting the trade-off between false alarms and omissions. Automation abuse, or the automation of functions by designers and implementation by man...

2,727 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors address theoretical, empirical, and analytical studies pertaining to human use, misuse, disuse, and abuse of automation technology, and propose a method to detect false alarms and omissions.
Abstract: This paper addresses theoretical, empirical, and analytical studies pertaining to human use, misuse, disuse, and abuse of automation technology. Use refers to the voluntary activation or disengagement of automation by human operators. Trust, mental workload, and risk can influence automation use, but interactions between factors and large individual differences make prediction of automation use difficult. Misuse refers to over reliance on automation, which can result in failures of monitoring or decision biases. Factors affecting the monitoring of automation include workload, automation reliability and consistency, and the saliency of automation state indicators. Disuse, or the neglect or underutilization of automation, is commonly caused by alarms that activate falsely. This often occurs because the base rate of the condition to be detected is not considered in setting the trade-off between false alarms and omissions. Automation abuse, or the automation of functions by designers and implementation by man...

2,487 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extended previous research on two approaches to human-centred automation: intermediate levels of automation (LOAs) for maintaining operator involvement in complex systems control and facilitating situation awareness; and adaptive automation (AA) for managing operator workload through dynamic control allocations between the human and machine over time.
Abstract: This paper extends previous research on two approaches to human-centred automation: (1) intermediate levels of automation (LOAs) for maintaining operator involvement in complex systems control and facilitating situation awareness; and (2) adaptive automation (AA) for managing operator workload through dynamic control allocations between the human and machine over time. Some empirical research has been conducted to examine LOA and AA independently, with the objective of detailing a theory of human-centred automation. Unfortunately, no previous work has studied the interaction of these two approaches, nor has any research attempted to systematically determine which LOAs should be used in adaptive systems and how certain types of dynamic function allocations should be scheduled over time. The present research briefly reviews the theory of human-centred automation and LOA and AA approaches. Building on this background, an initial study was presented that attempts to address the conjuncture of these two approa...

697 citations


Cites background from "Psychophysiology and adaptive autom..."

  • ...However, no previous research exists upon which to base such hypotheses, other than the previous research evaluating each approach independently....

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  • ...…for example physiological measures—electroencephalogram (EEG) signals or heart-rate variability) as a basis for decision to automate (Pope et al. 1994, Byrne and Parasuraman 1996); and (4) Behavior modelling—DFAs occur to human and computer to achieve predetermined pattern of overall system…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that physiological computing provides opportunities to innovate HCI but complex methodological/conceptual issues must be fully tackled during the research and development phase if this nascent technology is to achieve its potential.

531 citations


Cites background from "Psychophysiology and adaptive autom..."

  • ...These systems operate by transforming psychophysiological data into a control signal (or an input to a control signal) without a requirement for any overt response from the user (Byrne and Parasuraman, 1996)....

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References
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01 Jan 1973

9,000 citations

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01 Oct 1991
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce engineering psychology and human performance, and present an overview of the major aspects of engineering psychology, including: Signal Detection, Information Theory and Absolute Judgment, Attention in Perception and Display Space, Spatial Displays, Memory and Training 8. Decision Making 9. Selection of Action 10. Attention, Time sharing and Workload 11. Mental Workload, Stress, and Individual Differences: Cognitive and Neuroergonomic Perspectives 12. Automation 13. Epilogue
Abstract: 1. Introduction to Engineering Psychology and Human Performance 2. Signal Detection, Information Theory and Absolute Judgment 3. Attention in Perception and Display Space 4. Spatial Displays 5. Spatial Cognition, Navigation and Manual Control 6. Language and Communications 7. Memory and Training 8. Decision Making 9. Selection of Action 10. Attention, Time sharing and Workload 11. Mental Workload, Stress, and Individual Differences: Cognitive and Neuroergonomic Perspectives 12. Automation 13. Epilogue

5,366 citations


"Psychophysiology and adaptive autom..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Compared with manual control conditions, monitoring workload increases to include not only the automated process, but also the state of the automated system and the automated system performance indicators (Wickens, 1992)....

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  • ...the work environment and human capabilities (Wickens, 1992)....

    [...]

Book
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: This handbook covers theory and methods; basic visual processes; auditory, kinesthetic, cutaneous, and vestibular senses; and space and motion perception; and human performance.
Abstract: Written by well-known specialists, here is a comprehensive handbook on human perception and performance. Volume one covers theory and methods; basic visual processes; auditory, kinesthetic, cutaneous, and vestibular senses; and space and motion perception. Volume two treats information processing, perceptual organization and cognition, and human performance. Organized to facilitate reference usefulness, these volumes provide substantial cross-referencing and extensive use of illustrations. In addition, a substantial amount of tutorial material is provided, with several hundred pages devoted to the elucidation of the conceptual and methodological underpinnings of the more substantive chapters. Figure legends are extremely detailed to enhance their reference usefulness without having to search accompanying text for relevant coverage.

3,166 citations

Book
01 Jan 1984

1,681 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A dynamic model is presented that addresses the effects of stress on vigilance and, potentially, a wide variety of attention-demanding performance tasks.
Abstract: This paper examines the effects of stress on sustained attention. With recognition of the task itself as the major source of cognitive stress, a dynamic model is presented that addresses the effects of stress on vigilance and, potentially, a wide variety of attention-demanding performance tasks.

810 citations