Punishment, proprietariness, and paternity : Men's violence against women from an evolutionary perspective

TL;DR: In this article, the authors use an evolutionary perspective to examine intimate partner violence, focusing on men's violence against women, and they argue that the recurring adaptive problem of paternity uncertainty plays a central role in domestic violence, and physical violence functions to punish and deter female sexual infidelity.

About: This article is published in Aggression and Violent Behavior.The article was published on 2008-11-01 and is currently open access. It has received 72 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Domestic violence & Sexual violence.

Summary

2.1 Essentially discrete diffraction pattern

• The property that was at the basis of D. Shechtman's discovery, is the fact that the diffraction patterns show an essentially discrete set of peaks 1 exhibiting forbidden symmetry.
• This is necessary to allow for individualizing each diffraction spot in indexing it with a finite number of integers in an unambiguous fashion.
• The experimentally accessible rank N of this diffraction Z-module is the number of arithmetically independent unit vectors with which each reflection has an unique indexation.

3.2 Diffraction

• Diffraction is the fundamental tool for quasicrystal structure determination.
• The generalization consists in having a cut space E c different from the parallel space E and the space E σ of the ASs different from E ⊥ .
• There, a prototypic atomic surface σ is copied at each lattice node (the method extends trivially to several atomic surfaces per unit cell), intersection of this ensemble is taken with a subspace E c , and finally the collected points are projected onto E along E ⊥ .
• As in standard crystallography, the authors assume that the locations of the diffraction peaks are given.
• Thus, the remaining possible fit variables are the number, positions and shapes (within the symmetry class) of the AS's and their chemical occupancy factors, in a way similar to usual crystallography.

F

• The global phase factor Y (Q) attributed to one AS located at R is therefore: EQUATION.
• The first analysis of M. Cornier-Quiquandon et al. [41] in AlCuFe has shown that the intensities of the reflections collected for i-AlCuFe (that applies as well for i-AlPdMn as shown by M. Boudard et al. [42] ) distribute in four branches when plotted as a function of |Q ⊥ |.
• Each branch is characteristic of the parities of the two integers N and M defined by J. W. Cahn et al. [35] for indexing the diffraction patterns of the icosahedral phases 1 .
• This is the main reason why all these structural models share roughly 85% of the atom locations.
• For avoiding confusion between the two bc positions, the occupied one has the same parity as the smallest of the two AS's of the nodes.

4.1 Chemical ordering

• This agrees with the hypothesis used by G. Trambly et al. [43] in their study of the electronic structure of complex Hume-Rothery phases where the Mn atoms are assumed to be embedded in an Al jellium.
• Hence, the effective Mn-Mn pair interaction can be computed between two non magnetic manganese atoms in an Al matrix.
• These two distances correspond exactly to the first and second distances of the network generated by the cell α.
• These results of stochiometry and space distribution of the Mn atoms, are in good support of the α network being a reasonable idealization of the Mn chemical order in i-AlPdMn : experimental results on physical properties are very crucial data -beyond diffraction spectra -in the process of validating a structural model in quasicrystals, irrespective of final diffraction refinements.

5 Conclusion

• It is therefore clear that additional works have to be pursued inside and outside the classical tools of crystallography.
• Cohesive energy calculations of approximant phases as function of chemical ordering, spectroscopies and physical properties measurements sensible to local configurations should play a key role for eventually leading to unambiguous and fully accepted crystallographic descriptions of these astonishing phases.

Frequently asked questions

Q1. What contributions have the authors mentioned in the paper "Intimate partner violence—p. 1 [in press, aggression and violent behavior, july 2008] punishment, proprietariness, and paternity: men’s violence against women from an evolutionary perspective" ?

In this article, the authors use an evolutionary perspective to examine intimate partner violence, focusing on men ’ s violence against women.