Purification of biodiesel by dry washing, employing starch and cellulose as natural adsorbents
TL;DR: In this article, a study of the purification of biodiesel produced from sunflower oil by dry cold washing using natural adsorbents as cellulose and starch from different sources (corn, potato, cassava and rice), and the comparison with the conventional wet washing with hot water was performed.
About: This article is published in Fuel.The article was published on 2015-09-01. It has received 63 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biodiesel.
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TL;DR: In this article, a state-of-the-art use of waste frying oils (WFO) as feedstock for biodiesel production is presented, and the advantages and disadvantages of using WFO are presented.
128 citations
01 Sep 2017
TL;DR: A comprehensive overview on the techniques and methods used for biodiesel purification and upgrading can be found in this article, where the authors classified the purification methods into equilibrium-based, affinitybased, membrane-based and reaction-based processes.
Abstract: Serious environmental concerns regarding the use of fossil-based fuels have raised awareness regarding the necessity of alternative clean fuels and energy carriers. Biodiesel is considered a clean, biodegradable, and non-toxic diesel substitute produced via the transesterification of triglycerides with an alcohol in the presence of a proper catalyst. After initial separation of the by-product (glycerol), the crude biodiesel needs to be purified to meet the standard specifications prior to marketing. The presence of impurities in the biodiesel not only significantly affects its engine performance but also complicates its handling and storage. Therefore, biodiesel purification is an essential step prior to marketing. Biodiesel purification methods can be classified based on the nature of the process into equilibrium-based, affinity-based, membrane-based, reaction-based, and solid-liquid separation processes. The main adverse properties of biodiesel – namely moisture absorption, corrosiveness, and high viscosity – primarily arise from the presence of oxygen. To address these issues, several upgrading techniques have been proposed, among which catalytic (hydro)deoxygenation using conventional hydrotreating catalysts, supported metallic materials, and most recently transition metals in various forms appear promising. Nevertheless, catalyst deactivation (via coking) and/or inadequacy of product yields necessitate further research. This paper provides a comprehensive overview on the techniques and methods used for biodiesel purification and upgrading.
80 citations
Cites background or methods from "Purification of biodiesel by dry wa..."
...Gomes et al. (2015) used different types of starch with various morphologies along with cellulose as a natural adsorbent for biodiesel purification....
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...Turbidity, showing the presence of impurities in the biodiesel, was also significantly decreased in the case of using 5% potato starch or 1-2% cassava starch (Gomes et al., 2015)....
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...- Biomass-based absorbent Cellulosic and lignocellulosic substrates were also found to be effective adsorbents for biodiesel purification (Manique et al., 2012; Gomes et al., 2015)....
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...These materials are abundant and inexpensive in addition to their advantages as renewable, biocompatible, and non-toxic materials (Gomes et al., 2015; Bateni et al., 2016; Noori and Karimi, 2016a and b)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss and analyze different transesterification processes, technologies, as well as different technical aspects during biodiesel production using castor oil as a feedstock.
Abstract: An attractive alternative to the use of fossil fuels is biodiesel, which can be obtained from a variety of feedstock through different transesterification systems such as ultrasound, microwave, biological, chemical, among others. The efficient and cost-effective biodiesel production depends on several parameters such as free fatty acid content in the feedstock, transesterification reaction efficiency, alcohol:oil ratio, catalysts type, and several parameters during the production process. However, biodiesel production from vegetable oils is under development, causing the final price of biodiesel to be higher than diesel derived from petroleum. An alternative to decrease the production costs will be the use of economical feedstocks and simple production processes. Castor oil is an excellent raw material in terms of price and quality, but especially this non-edible vegetable oil does not have any issues or compromise food security. Recently, the use of castor oil has attracted attention for producing and optimizing biodiesel production, due to high content of ricinoleic fatty acid and the possibility to esterify with only methanol, which assures low production costs. Additionally, biodiesel from castor oil has different advantages over conventional diesel. Some of them are biodegradable, non-toxic, renewable, they can be used alone, low greenhouse gas emission, among others. This review discusses and analyzes different transesterification processes, technologies, as well as different technical aspects during biodiesel production using castor oil as a feedstock.
63 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the most recent developments in biodiesel production technologies was presented in this paper , including feedstocks, catalysts, reactors, and new processing technologies developed in recent years.
60 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate the real possibilities that conventional biodiesel has in order to success as the main biofuel for the energy transition, as well as the use of alternative biofuels that can take part in the energy transformation in a successful way.
Abstract: The delay in the energy transition, focused in the replacement of fossil diesel with biodiesel, is mainly caused by the need of reducing the costs associated to the transesterification reaction of vegetable oils with methanol. This reaction, on an industrial scale, presents several problems associated with the glycerol generated during the process. The costs to eliminate this glycerol have to be added to the implicit cost of using seed oil as raw material. Recently, several alternative methods to convert vegetable oils into high quality diesel fuels, which avoid the glycerol generation, are being under development, such as Gliperol, DMC-Biod, or Ecodiesel. Besides, there are renewable diesel fuels known as “green diesel”, obtained by several catalytic processes (cracking or pyrolysis, hydrodeoxygenation and hydrotreating) of vegetable oils and which exhibit a lot of similarities with fossil fuels. Likewise, it has also been addressed as a novel strategy, the use of straight vegetable oils in blends with various plant-based sources such as alcohols, vegetable oils, and several organic compounds that are renewable and biodegradable. These plant-based sources are capable of achieving the effective reduction of the viscosity of the blends, allowing their use in combustion ignition engines. The aim of this review is to evaluate the real possibilities that conventional biodiesel has in order to success as the main biofuel for the energy transition, as well as the use of alternative biofuels that can take part in the energy transition in a successful way.
57 citations
Cites background from "Purification of biodiesel by dry wa..."
...Purification of biodiesel may also be obtained by dry washing, employing organic resins, or using starch and cellulose as adsorbents of impurities [41,42]....
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...Furthermore, the effects of water on th quality of bi diesel are not negligible [40], therefor various types of adsorbents have been proposed to eliminate the residues that conta inate the FAME mixture that co stitute biodiesel [41,42]....
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References
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TL;DR: A review of polymer blends and composites from renewable resources can be found in this article, where the progress of blends from three kinds of polymers from renewable sources (i.e., natural polymers such as starch, protein and cellulose), synthetic polymers, such as polylactic acid and polyhydroxybutyrate, are described with an emphasis on potential applications.
1,931 citations
TL;DR: In this article, both conventional and most recent membrane technologies used in refining biodiesel have been critically reviewed, and the effects of catalysts, free fatty acids, water content and oil to methanol ratios on the purity and quality of biodiesel are also examined.
424 citations
TL;DR: It has been found that it is necessary a previous methanol removal to avoid the saturation of the adsorbents in post transesterification purification.
367 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of standard methods and other analytical methods suggested for analysis of biodiesel is presented, and the methods of analysis are divided into groups according to information that may be provided on the contaminants from the raw material of the production process, the molecular structures of the biodiesel and its degradation during storage.
Abstract: The establishment of quality standards for biodiesel was a key step to win the confidence of the market and the automotive industry, thus ensuring the success of the new fuel. In this review are presented standard methods and other analytical methods suggested for analysis of biodiesel. The methods of analysis were divided into groups according to information that may be provided on the contaminants from the raw material of the production process, the molecular structures of biodiesel and its degradation during storage.
314 citations
TL;DR: Two sulfated zirconias were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy and used as catalysts in the alcoholysis of soybean oil and in the esterification of oleic acid.
248 citations