Pursuing green and efficient process towards recycling of different metals from spent lithium-ion batteries through Ferro-chemistry
TL;DR: In this paper, a Ferro-chemistry strategy was proposed for the recycling of different value-added metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) based on transformation of iron morphology from different types of spent LIBs.
About: This article is published in Chemical Engineering Journal.The article was published on 2021-12-15. It has received 55 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Leaching (metallurgy).
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TL;DR: In this article , Li et al. reviewed the current situation of the comprehensive recycling of spent power lithium-ion battery (LIB) in China and proposed an alternative recycling mode based on the comprehensive analysis of the challenges facing battery recycling.
50 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a review of the selective recovery of Li from the spent LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode materials is presented, where the structure of LFP and Li-recovery routes, which involve various kinds of leaching agents are discussed.
45 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a low-temperature thermochemistry route was explored by thermal reduction using biomass wastes as reductants for selective recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries based on their inherent conversion characteristics.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a new type of deep-eutectic solvents (DESs), consisting of ethylene glycol (EG) and sulfosalicylic acid dihydrate (SAD), were designed for efficient leaching valuable metals from cathode active materials (LiCoO2 and Li14.8Ni1.7Co8.5MnO30.5) of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for the first time.
Abstract: A new type of deep-eutectic solvents (DESs), consisting of ethylene glycol (EG) and sulfosalicylic acid dihydrate (SAD), were designed for efficient leaching valuable metals from cathode active materials (LiCoO2 and Li14.8Ni1.7Co8.5MnO30.5) of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for the first time. The as-prepared DESs possessed strong coordination ability and low viscosity, which were suitable for metal extraction. The influences of experiment parameters on extraction of Co and Li were systematically investigated, and the leaching mechanism and kinetics were elucidated in detail. Under the optimal conditions, the leaching efficiencies of Co and Li from pure LiCoO2 reached 93.5% and 98.3%, while those of Co, Ni, Mn, and Li achieved 94.8%, 99.1%, 100%, and 100% from the spent Li14.8Ni1.7Co8.5MnO30.5, respectively. Results revealed that the Li+ ions located in the interlayer of layered LiCoO2 were replaced by H+ ions and entered into solution, while Co3+ ions in the skeleton structure were reduced and coordinated by EG and sulfosalicylic acid (SA) to form four soluble Co2+–SA complexes, realizing synergistic and efficient leaching of Li and Co from the LIB cathode active material. Moreover, Co and Li leaching kinetics conformed to the shrinking core model, in which the interfacial chemical reaction was the limiting step, and the apparent activation energies were separately about 77.38 and 79.54 kJ/mol.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a selective separation-recovery process based on tuning organic acid was proposed to the resource recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for the first time.
24 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, a recycling process for portable Li-ion batteries was developed combining a mechanical pretreatment with hydro-and pyrometallurgical process steps for the recovery of cobalt and lithium.
548 citations
TL;DR: This work presents state-of-the-art fundamental research and industrial technologies related to battery recycling, with a special focus on lithium-ion battery recycling.
Abstract: Ever-growing global energy needs and environmental damage have motivated the pursuit of sustainable energy sources and storage technologies. As attractive energy storage technologies to integrate renewable resources and electric transportation, rechargeable batteries, including lead–acid, nickel–metal hydride, nickel–cadmium, and lithium-ion batteries, are undergoing unprecedented rapid development. However, the intrinsic toxicity of rechargeable batteries arising from their use of toxic materials is potentially environmentally hazardous. Additionally, the massive production of batteries consumes numerous resources, some of which are scarce. It is therefore essential to consider battery recycling when developing battery systems. Here, we provide a systematic overview of rechargeable battery recycling from a sustainable perspective. We present state-of-the-art fundamental research and industrial technologies related to battery recycling, with a special focus on lithium-ion battery recycling. We introduce the concept of sustainability through a discussion of the life-cycle assessment of battery recycling. Considering the forecasted trend of a massive number of retired power batteries from the forecasted surge in electric vehicles, their repurposing and reuse are considered from economic, technical, environmental, and market perspectives. New opportunities, challenges, and future prospects for battery recycling are then summarized. A reinterpreted 3R strategy entailing redesign, reuse, and recycling is recommended for the future development of battery recycling.
519 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the present scenario of electricity production and investigate whether an electricity powered world is possible, indicating which primary energy forms should be preferably utilized, indicating that most of the primary energy used by mankind, including that employed to generate electricity, comes from fossil fuels, which need to be phased out because they bring about severe damage to climate, environment, and human health.
Abstract: The purpose of this review is examination of the present scenario of electricity production and investigation of whether an electricity powered world is possible, indicating which primary energy forms should be preferably utilized. Currently, most of the primary energy used by mankind, including that employed to generate electricity, comes from fossil fuels, which need to be phased out because they bring about severe damage to climate, environment, and human health and, additionally, their stock will be largely depleted during the present century. All the energy technologies poised to replace those based on fossil fuels, namely nuclear and renewables (wind, hydro, concentrated solar power, photovoltaics, biomass, geothermal, tidal, wave) essentially produce electricity, and this suggests that we will progressively shift to an electricity-based economy over the course of the 21st century. The economic, technical, ethical and social issues entangled with nuclear technologies and the unexpectedly fast expansion of renewable energies (particularly wind and solar) point to an increasingly important role of the latter in electricity generation. The present one way utility-to-customer energy system, designed over one century ago, will need substantial reshaping to enable the build up of a smart grid capable of dealing with variable renewable supply and fluctuating end-user demand by exchange of information between customer and utility. To accomplish this result, effort in research and development of storage devices and facilities on the small (e.g., batteries, capacitors) and large (e.g., pumped hydro, compressed air storage, electrolytic hydrogen) scale is needed. In the medium and long term, the expansion of electricity production will also likely lead to progressive replacement of internal combustion engines with electric motors in the automotive sector, accompanied by a shift from individual to mass transportation systems. We have still a long way out of the fossil fuel era, but this challenge can be won only if carbon-free electricity largely replaces the direct combustion of irreplaceable and climate-altering fossil fuel resources.
392 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the conditions for the dissolution of valuable metals were optimized while varying the parameters such as acid concentration, leaching time, temperature and pulp density, and it was found that with 1M H2SO4 and 0.075 M NaHSO3 as reducing agent ∼96.7% Li, 91.6% Co, 96.4% Ni and 87.9% Mn were recovered in 4h at 368 K and a pulp density of 20 g/L.
357 citations
TL;DR: The amount of spent lithium-ion batteries has grown dramatically in recent years, and the development of a recycling process for spent lithium ion batteries is necessary and urgent from the view of.
Abstract: The amount of spent lithium-ion batteries has grown dramatically in recent years, and the development of a recycling process for spent lithium-ion batteries is necessary and urgent from the viewpoi...
332 citations