Putative pathophysiological interactions of cytokines and phagocytic cells in severe human falciparum malaria
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...IL-6 is an important proinflammatory cytokine that is upregulated by TNF- and acts in concert with other inflammatory mediators to control parasitemia (18, 48)....
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...Elevated TNF- , produced mainly by blood monocytes and tissue macrophages, has been shown to correlate with disease severity in multiple studies (5, 8, 18, 19, 48)....
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...Of note, some reports have linked cytokine levels to disease severity and complications [56,57,64,68–71]....
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...The latter secrete interfer on-g, which amplifies the monocyte response by a positive feed back mechanism (20)....
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...Discussion In Pf malaria, M have been proposed as one of the main sources of proinflammatory mediators (2); therefore, it is of paramount importance to identify the parasite components participating in chemokine induction and to define the underlying regulatory mechanisms....
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..., proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines) also participates in malaria pathophysiology, including tissue cell damage, microvascular obstruction, severe anemia, and cerebral malaria (2)....
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...M have been identified as one of the main sources of proinflammatory mediators in response to Pf infection (2)....
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References
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"Putative pathophysiological interac..." refers background in this paper
...Experimental evidence suggests that peripheral-blood monocytes and neutrophils release cytokines after stimulation [38-43, 46, 54] (e....
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...IL-6 is synthesized by stimulated macrophages and peripheral-blood monocytes; by cytokine (TNF and IL-1)stimulated endothelial, fibroblast, and epithelial cells; by TNF-stimulated neutrophils, microglia, and astrocytes; and by B and T cell lines [50-54]....
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..., IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8) from stromal cells such as hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts in vitro [41-43, 47, 48, 53, 54, 85], and the elevated levels of TNF and IL-1 encoun-...
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"Putative pathophysiological interac..." refers background in this paper
...TNF-a induces fever [86], acute-phase protein production [87], neutrophil activation [88, 89], endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 expression [90], and lymphocyte proliferation [91] and leads to the production of IL-1 and to the production of IL-8 (a potent neutrophil chemotaxin) by macrophages, monocytes, and endothelial cells [92, 93]....
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